PSYCH 1010 1st Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture 2/20I. Schedules of ReinforcementII. Five most common partial reinforcement schedulesa. Fixed ratio schedule (FR-10) b. Variable Ratio schedule of reinforcement (VR-10)c. Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement (FI - 30sec)d. Differential Reinforcement of high rates of responding (DRH)e. Variable interval schedule of reinforcement.Outline of Current Lecture 2/23Cognitive PsychologyI. Skinner and defining learningII. Learning and Cognitiona. Latent learningb. cognitive mapsc. InsightIII. Expectanciesa. self-fulfilling prophecyb. generalized expectanciesc. locus of control reinforcement d. external and internal locus of control Current Lecture 2/23I. Skinner defines learning as the gaining of information. Learning is a more or less permanent change in behavior as a result to stimulus experience. II. Learning and Conditioninga. Latent learning is learning that has occurred but is not currently manifest in behavior. This is like Tolman’s experiment with rates in a maze. one group was reinforced with food to find their way around the maze while the other group did not. The reinforced group found their way through the maze more efficiently while the other group wandered aimlessly around. When the non-reinforced group received food, they found their way much quicker. they formed cognitive maps. This is like people finding theirway around a new city and trying tp find a restaurant. It is learning that you have bu ti y had not yet manifest in behavior. b. Cognitive maps are mental representations of visual space. This is like the rats remembering where to go in the maze to get food. c. Insight is the ability to perceive a connection between a problem and its solution. This isnot always restricted to humans. III. Expectancies- expectations relevant to desired outcomesa. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an impression of a situation that evokes behaviors that, in turn, make impressions become true. b. Generalized expectancies are expectancies that influence a broad spectrum of behavior (“you can’t ask anyone for anything in life - they’ll always turn you down.”)c. Locus of control of reinforcement (or simply locus of control) refers to the generalized expectancies people hold about whether or not their own behavior can bring about the outcomes they seek. d. People either have an internal or an external locus of control. Individuals with an internal locus of control believe they are the masters of their own fate. People with an external locus of control believe their lives are determined by forces outside (external to)