Anthro 205 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 11Key Terms:Anthropology and Inequality1. Anthropology- Anthropology is the study of human beings in the past present and future.- It is a very holistic subject – It leads to very broad approaches. Holistic: There are many components to the whole, which might seem distant, but the components cannot exist or be understood without the idea of the whole.- It has an integrated approach to human beings (because it is holistic) Cultural Material (archeology) Language2. 4 Subfields of Anthropology- Biological: Primatology Paleo-Anthropology Biological Human Diversity*In the past this subfield worked to organize humans into categories (races).*Today anthropologists of this subfield tend to do exactly the opposite of what they did in the past. They seek to uncategorized humans.- Archeological Anthropology: “Human behavior through the excavation and analysis of material remains” Garbology- Linguistic: “Language in its social and cultural context.” Studies the idea we have about language. Language in its everyday use.- Cultural: “Diversity of Human social life.” Culture: “A learned, shared, and negotiated system of meaning.”Note: Anthropologists consider that the requirements for culture (language use, tool making, and conscious regulation of sex) are essential features that distinguish humans from other animals.3. Ethnography- A systematic research process based on first-hand, long-term, participatory field work.”- “It also refers to the end result of this research, a written description of the people or topic studied.”- “Descriptive study of a particular human society or the process of making such a study. Contemporary ethnography is based almost entirely on fieldwork and requires the complete immersion of the anthropologist in the culture and everyday life of the people who are the subject of his study” (The Editors).4. Participant Observation- A type of research method most commonly used in cultural anthropology- Researchers using this method try to establish intimate familiarity with the groupbeing analyzed and participate in the activities done by the group in their culturalenvironment. - This research method is usually performed through an extended period of time.5. Interviews- Research method used in many areas.- Researcher asks very specific questions to particular people in the group being analyzed with the purpose of understanding specific aspects of behaviors of the group.6. Social/Cultural Relations7. Ethnocentrism- Relies on the individual’s culture as the “norm” when analyzing other cultures.- Ethnos = CultureCentrism = The Center8. Culture- “The sum of attitudes, customs, and beliefs that distinguishes one group of people from another. Culture is transmitted, through language, material objects, ritual, institutions, and art, from one generation to the next.- Definition used by the teacher: “A learned, shared and negotiated system of meaning”Note: Anthropologists consider that the requirements for culture (language use, tool making, and conscious regulation of sex) are essential features that distinguish humans from other animals.Note: Culture also refers to refined music, art, and literature; one who is well versed in these subjects is considered “cultured” (“Culture”).- Controversial subject- It is always changing and doesn’t have clear boundaries- “We all wear “cultural lenses” through which we see the world.”9. Cultural Relativism- The opposite of Ethnocentrism - There is no center.- Culture is relative and subjective.10. Jamal’s World- “In ''No Shame in My Game,'' a study of Harlem fast-food workers, Newman champions poor workers and seeks to reorient the poverty debate. She wants to de-emphasize self-defeating behaviors like teen-age pregnancy, and to stress what she sees as the larger issues: the injustice of low wages and the apathy of more prosperous citizens. These low-income workers ''are not people whose values need re-engineering,'' she writes. ''They work hard at jobs the rest of us would not want because they believe in the dignity of work''”(Deparle).- “Of all the workers she meets, Jamal steals her heart. She is impressed by the ''doting love he has for his young wife,'' Kathy, and finds him ''something of a hero'' for boarding a bus to a minimum-wage job each morning at 5. But as Newman goes on to explain, Kathy is not his young wife -- she is his girlfriend. She ran away from home to join him at 16, and soon they had a child. The infant was put in foster care after Jamal apparently struck her. His temper ''has itsexplosive side,'' and he has had problems with cocaine. Newman sees Jamal as a striving worker blocked at every turn. He has a less romantic view, describing himself as ''going from here to here to here, and doing this and that.'' It is little wonder that he is adrift and depressed -- his mother is a longtime crack addict, and he has never known his father” (Deparle).11. Poverty12. InequalityA condition that is very closely related to power, social status, and the capitalist economic system.13. Studying Up- A concept introduced by readings- Laura Nader (author)- Usually, anthropologists analyze people and groups that are considered minorities. When studying up, we analyze those who are in power instead of those who are powerless.Power14. Idea/ IdeologyAn ideology is made by a group of ideas that leads to an individual’s action.15. Symbolic Power- Something that exists alongside economic power- Just as important and as powerful as economic power- How they (investment bankers, in this case) justify social order- Makes it more difficult to understand morality- Justifies inequality*Symbolic power vs. economic power16. Wolf’s 4 Modalities of PowerWhat is power?- Always part of human behavior, not something outside of us- What causes inequality- Relational – Cannot be abstracted from human behavior1. Individual Power- Ambition/ Achievement- Most we are familiar and comfortable with- As teachers said: “Pulling ourselves by the bootstraps”2. Interpersonal- The use of power between individuals- Between 2 people- Usually don’t pay attention to the context- We are also very familiar and comfortable with, but it is a familiarity limited to the relationship.3. Tactical and Organizational- Show potentiality- Far reaching power- Controls (limits or broadens) contexts of people’s