Anthro 205 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last LectureI. DocumentaryII. Questions to be analyzed throughout the documentaryOutline of Current Lecture I. How We Got HereII. Human Nature When it Comes to Economic PracticesIII. Subsistence and Resource Distribution Patterns: ForagersIV. Reciprocity/ Gift EconomyV. Marcel Mauss: The GiftVI. Concept of DomesticationCurrent LectureHow We Got Here: An Anthropological Perspective- Within the context of capitalism- Broader anthropological Perspective is so broad that it generalizes (within the explanation there is fluidity)- There are other ways of looking at a problemIs there a “human nature” when it comes to economic practices?- Economics is not a separate domain of society and culture- Living in the society that we do, many of us have take for granted that we are supposed to maximize economic profit – it became nature – called: Homo economics- Homo economic: We work to maximize our individual profit. Liberal and neoliberal economic theories believe that human economic nature is rational and self-interestedOBS:Economic theory assumes humans are rational and self-interestedThis is not the case: societies have been organized in may different waysSubsistence and resource distribution patterns: foragersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Foraging are small groups (hunter gatherer)- Is the closest thing to human nature – the most common social model in history of humans- Even though throughout time people thought foragers had very difficult live, studies show that it was actually the opposite. They had very varied intakes- Most equalitarian model – people were not born into “casts”- The resources were distributed in reciprocityReciprocity/ Gift economy- Sound like nice giving, no ties involved, generous – BUT it is not.- Different type of logic in reciprocity - about economic exchanging that involves debt- Reciprocity builds social ties, social relationships, people are tied together through what they owe each other- Constant sense of mutual responsibility- We find this in many societies – not only foraging- Strengthening social relationships was the core of this system not individual profitMarcel Mauss: The Gift”There’s no such thing as a free gift”- Social relations are built on reciprocal indebtedness- Instead of homo economicus we have homo reciprocansDomestication- People didn’t settle until they had to.- Centralization of resources and Redistribution by chief and other central figureOutline of Current Lecture I. RaceII. Idea of the Evolution of Racea. Darwin and the origin of speciesIII. Goulda. CraniomaticsIV. Key conceptCurrent LectureRace: Naturalizing InequalityFocus on human biology and inequality:- Historical knowledge is needed to understand racial inequality and where the idea of race comes from.Race:- It is impossible to be discussed as a neutral subject – it never has been.o White span of colorblindness: “I don’t see color” “If we stop talking about race it will go away”We as a society make race a reality.- “Race is not based on biology, but race is rather an idea that we ascribe to biology.” (Alan Goodman)- Biological anthropologists tried, in the 1900’s, to prove race as a biological characteristic.Idea of the “evolution” of Race:- Darwin and the Origin of species:o Important for cultural evolutiono Idea of racial evolution- “The great chain of beings”: There Is a fixed world and all is in a fixed location (can not move): GodHumansAnimals…- Natural selection is about adaptation, not finding the perfect gene.Ex: Peppered moths and natural selection  evolution is not linearOBS: The concept of natural selection that natural darwinists had in mind is not the same for they were looking for the perfect form – self centered.Gould:- Early pseudoscientist who thought that we could see primitive development of species.- He adapted theory to his idea.- Craniomatics:o Measuring skulls and making racial hierarchy based on skull size. Measurements were false – study was biased.o This study influenced eugenic studies around the world (Nazi Germany) Cesare Lombroso: was obsessed with skull and body. He believed that youcould read on the body the history of the person (criminal history). He studied specifically the body of “deviants” to find stigmas and common traits of people that commited the same crime.Key Concept:Clinical Variation - Human traits vary gradually across geographic areas, not discretely in distinct categories. There are no races, only