PSYC 104 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Units 6 7 9 Unit 6 vocab Classical Conditioning a neutral stimulus is associated with another stimulus that produces a behavior example PTSD Unconditioned Stimulus the trigger for a natural occurring response Unconditioned Response naturally occurring response which follows the unconditioned stimulus Conditioned Stimulus a neutral stimulus that is presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus which evokes a reaction similar to the response to the unconditioned stimulus Extinction this is the decline in response to the conditioned stimulus when it is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus Spontaneous Recovery increase response to the conditioned stimulus following a pause after extinction Generalization responding to the stimuli that looks like the conditioned stimulus Discrimination responding differently to stimuli that is similar but not the same Second Order Conditioning when a conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for a pairing with a new conditioned stimulus Phobia an irrational fear to something Operant Conditioning learning that happens based on the consequence of a behavior Law of Effect when a response creates a good outcome you are more likely to do it again in order to create the same outcome as well as when responses create an unpleasant outcome you are less likely to do that again Skinner Box a structure that contains a bar or key that an animal can press in order to get food as well as a device to keep track of the animal s response Reinforcer an event that increases the chances of a behavior Punisher an event that decreases the chances of a behavior Continuous reinforcement schedule reinforcing a desired response every time Partial intermittent reinforcement schedule reinforcing a desired response only some times Fixed interval schedule reinforcement that occurs for the first reaction made after an amount of time passes Variable interval schedule reinforcers on an interval schedule Fixed ratio schedule behavior is reinforced after a certain number of responses Primary Reinforcer the stimuli that is preferred by the organism food Secondary Reinforcer conditioned reinforcer an event that is associated with the primary reinforce through classical conditioning whistle associated with food Insight understanding of a solution Latent learning not reinforced or demonstrated until there is motivation Unit 7 vocab Memory our ability to store acquire and retrieve info and habits Explicit Memory knowledge or experiences that are intentionally remembered Episodic Memory first hand experiences had on a daily basis Semantic Memory knowledge facts about the world Recall Test measures explicit memory example essay test Recognition Memory Test measures memory to determine if we have seen certain information before Relearning how much information is processed or learned after forgetting it and relearning it Implicit Memory influence of experience on behavior even if you are not aware Procedural Memory knowledge of how to do something often unexplainable Classical Conditioning Effects associating neutral stimuli with another stimulus which creates a reaction all while unaware it is happening Priming changing a behavior because of an experience that happened multiple times Sensory Memory concise storage of sensory information Iconic Memory visual sensory memory first studied by George Sperling Echoic Memory auditory sensory memory Short Term Memory where small amounts of information are held usually for less than a minute Working Memory using things in our short term memory Central Executive in working memory directs attentiveness and managing Maintenance Rehearsal restating information mentally or out loud in order to help remember it Chunking organizing information in small groups Long Term Memory information can be held for days months years large capacity no limit Encoding putting experiences into our memory Elaborative Encoding process information in ways that make it more memorable Spacing Effect learning is better when studying the same amount over time than short and close together Overlearning practicing and studying mastered material Retrieval reactivating information we already stored Tip of the tongue Phenomenon failure to retrieve information properly Context dependent Learning increase in retrieval when the external situation matches the situation remember Primacy Effect remembering things present early in a list Recency Effect remembering things present late in a list Retroactive Interference learning new information that damages our ability to remember information we learned in the past Proactive interference past learning damages our ability to encode later information Categories associated memories Prototype most typical member in a category Schemas arrangements of information in the long term memory that help us shape new information Long term Potentiation reinforcement of the synaptic networks between neurons as a result of frequent stimulation Period of Consolidation LTP occurs during this time and memories are stored Hippocampus stores memory preprocessor of information Cerebellum implicit memories Amygdala emotional memories Cognitive Biases errors in our memory that are caused by inappropriate use of cognitive processes Misinformation Effect errors in memory due to new information influencing existing memories Source monitoring ability to accurately identify a source of your memory Sleeper Effect forgetting the source of information Overconfidence people rely too much on their ability to remember events Flashbulb Memory a vivid memory of a rare event that people think they remember correctly Confirmation Bias confirming our existing memory instead or challenging it Functional Fixedness when your schema prevents you from using something in a new way Heuristics processing strategies that are useful in certain cases but often lead to error when misused Algorithms information processing strategies Representativeness Heuristic information that represents what we think will happen and we ignore other information that could be useful Gambler s Fallacy people who think if they see something happen multiple time sin a row that it will happen again even when the chances are really still 50 50 Probability chance of something happening Availability Heuristic making a decision that something happens on the basis of the ease with which it can be recovered from memory Counterfactual Thinking the