CDFS 110 1st Edition Exam #2 Study GuideCh. 4: Physical Development in Infancy & Toddlerhood 1. What is the cephalocudal trend? What is the proximodistal trend? - Cephalocudal o Starting from the head and growing downwards “Head to tail”- Proximodistalo Starting from the inside and growing outward The arms grow before the fingers and the legs before the toes “Organs to skin”2. What is the cerebellum? What are its jobs? - _______ is responsible for coordination and balanceo Exam Q example3. Brain lateralization-4. What are gross and fine motor skills? Examples of each - Gross motor skillso Walking around, sitting/standing upo Self-locomotion- Fine motor skillso Moving fingers and toeso Grasping objects5. What are the benefits of breastfeeding in poverty-stricken regions in the world? - Nutrition, getting bacteria 6. Name each lobe in the brain and their function. - Frontalo Control and coordinationo Complex thoughts and behaviors- Parietalo Body sensationo Spatial perception- Occipital o Vision- Temporalo Hearing and speech7. What are neurotransmitters? - Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters Ch. 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy 1. What is A-not-B search error? - Looking for an object the last place you found it, not where it was just hid2. What is the zone of proximal development? -3. What are the substages in Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage? Examples of each - Substage 1o Birth – 1 month Simple reflexes are modified to make them more adaptive and aide in the development of intelligence - Substage 2o 1 – 4 months Primary circular reactions Integrate reflexes Building block of more complex behaviors - Substage 3o 4 – 8 months  Secondary circular reactions  Become more interested in the world around them Repetition of actions on the environment - Substage 4o 8 – 12 months  Coordination of the secondary circular reactions learned in sub 3 Object permanence - Knowledge that an object continues to exist when out of sight  A-not-B Error- Knowing an object still exists, but look in the last place they found it, not where you just put it- Substage 5o 12 – 18 months Tertiary Circular Reactions “Child as a scientist” - Child explores uses to which objects can be puto Nesting objectso Banging objectso Dropping objects- Substage 6o 18 – 24 months  Mental representations - Internal depictions of information the mind can manipulate  Deferred (delayed) imitation- Delayed repetition of other’s behaviors- Ex: When a child sees another child hit someone because they took their toy, and then a few days later that child hitstheir parent when they try to take their toy (because they saw someone do it before)4. What is assimilation? What is accommodation? - Assimilationo Translating new information into a way you can understand Usually applying it to something you already know- Accommodationo Changing what you know to meet new information Okay well even though that dog bites, not all dogs bite…5. What is telegraphic speech? - “Mom me make car move”Ch. 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Childhood 1. How do mothers and father differ in care? - Mothers have a more managerial role and fathers have more of a fun role 2. What is self-recognition?- Being aware of your selfo Knowing it’s you looking back at yourself in the mirror3. How do infants first regulate emotions? - First by crying and seeing when and how quickly someone comes to their attention4. What does the goodness-of-fit model? How does parenting fit with difficult children? - Pairing with how a parents temperament fits with their child’s o If a child is difficult, a parent must learn to be patient with them and not yell at or ignore them or it will cause problems later on5. What is social referencing? - When they actively look to a person of trust in uncertain situations to see how they should be respondingo For example, when a child falls, it will look at it’s mother immediately after to see if the situation was bad  if her face is worried, it usually begins crying intensely. If the mother/father say “Ohhh you’re okay that wasn’t bad, you’re not hurt”  they may cry a little, if at all (unless they’re actually hurt).o If a stranger is in the room trying to play with them, they’ll usually look to mother/father to see if it’s okay that they play with them. If so  they’ll continue 6. What does longitudinal research on temperament indicate? - If a baby has an easy temperament, they’ll usually be more open to situations and new experiences the rest of their life 7. What is stranger anxiety? - When a child is weary of strangers being in the roomo Gets worse when the parent leaves the child alone with the strangerCh. 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood 1. What does Piaget’s 3 Mountains Task assess? -2. What is theory of mind? -3. What is centration? What is irreversibility? -4. What is dual representation? -5. What is Egocentrism? - Failure to distinguish others views from their owno Your nephew can’t understand that his dad is your brother 6. What is a class inclusion problem? How do children in early childhood respond to this task? - Having a classification of flowers, and two categories of flowers being blue flowers and yellow flowers 7. What is scaffolding? - Guided participationo Whenever you’re teaching a child something and teach it to them step by step8. What are the functions of the cerebellum? - Coordination and balance9. What is overregularization? What are examples of it? - Child: “I used to wear diapers. When I growed up…”- Father: “When you grew up you mean?”- Child: “When I grewed up, I wore underpants.”10. What are recasts (changes) in language development? 11. What is the leading cause of death in childhood (industrialization nations)? - car accidents 12. What is private speech? What purpose did Vygotsky think it served? -Ch. 8 Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood 1. How do children in early childhood describe themselves?- Through physical or observable characteristicso “My name is Sally, I’m wearing a blue shirt, I have green eyes, my favorite toy is my dolly.”2. What is empathy? - Feeling with someone3. How do boys and girls differ in aggression? - Boys lash out physically, girls usually more verbal4. What are the social classifications of play? Know examples of