CDFS 110 1st EditionExam # 1 Study GuidePLEASE REMEMBER THAT YOU WILL NEED TO PURCHASE SCANTRON FORM # 30423AND BRING A NUMBER 2 PENCIL & PHOTO ID WITH YOU TO THE EXAM. IF YOU DONOT HAVE THESE ITEMS, YOU MAY NOT BE PERMITTED TO TAKE THE EXAM.Theory & Research in Human Development1. What are the three assumptions of lifespan development?a. Development it life longi. There’s no period in your life where you develop more than another periodb. Development is multidirectional and multidimensionalc. Development is plasticd. Development is influenced by multiple factorsi. Biological, historical, cultural, different parenting styles2. What are the three major domains of human development?a. Physicali. Being more/less curvyii. Changing hair colorb. Cognitivei. Thinking more/less positive about yourselfii. More/less open to trying new things c. Psychosocial (Socially/Emotionally)i. Being less needyii. Being more independent3. What are the practical applications of the study of human development?a. Answering the question on how family influences development 4. What does it mean that development is multidimensional & multidirectional?a. Multidimensionali. Examples 1. How do your hereditary and health limit your intelligence?2. Do intelligence and social relationships change with age the same way around the world?3. How do families and schools influence intellectual development? b. Multidirectionali. Throughout life, some dimensions of or components of a dimension expand and others shrink1. Examplea. When one language (like English) is acquired early in development, the capacity for acquiring a secondand third language (like Spanish and Chinese) decreases later in development  Especially after early childhood 5. Are stages theories continuous or discontinuous?a. Discontinuous.i. Why?1. Discontinuous: Process of new skills emerging at different times a. Think of a staircase, and different things happening at each step (or stage in this case), and is more rapid2. Continuous: Process of gradually adding to the same skillsa. Think of a slope, it’s more of a gradual incline where you just keep adding on to all of the things you already know and to who you are6. Define & know examples for age-graded, history-graded, and non-normativeinfluences. a. Age-Graded Influencesi. Something you’re influenced by that happens at a specific time ofyour life (that’s usually the same age for everyone else at that age)1. Locomotiona. Ex: Most learning to walk around age 12. Pubertya. Ex: Most hitting puberty at the same agei. Different age for boys than girls thoughb. History-Graded Influencesi. Something that happens (like a natural disaster) that only thepeople alive during that time experience, and usually brings themcloser to each other.1. Cohort Effectsa. People relate more to those who were around thesame time as them for something (usually a naturaldisaster).i. Hurricane Katrina, 9/11b. Social Mediac. Non-normative influencesi. Resources available to developing personii. Unique to you, not all people go through it1. Ex: Maybe you were extremely interested in a subject andhad an amazing teacher who inspired you and took specialinterest in helping you 7. What is a theory, a hypothesis, a research method, and a research design.a. Theoryi. A set of ideas that helps to explain data and to make predictionsii. An orderly, integrated set of statements that: 1. Describes2. Explains3. Predictsiii. How is a theory different from an opinion 1. Testing2. Verification3. Replicationiv. Why are theories important to human development?1. Gives a framework to organize observation of behavior2. Helps us to understand development and give a basis of diagnosis & treatment b. Hypothesisi. Assertions or predictions, often derived from theories, that can betestedc. Research Methodi.d. Research Design8. What is the id, ego and superego? What are their jobs?a. IDi. Basic human instincts and needsii. Source of psychic energyb. Egoi. The medium between the two; rationalizesii. Mechanism to adapt to realityiii. Mind’s avenue to reality c. Superegoi. Last to developii. Arises when children identify with their parents iii. Combined of two parts1. Conscience2. Ego Ideal9. What are the four steps in social learning theory?a. Attention to another’s behavior.b. Encoding the behavior that is observed.c. Storing the information in memory.d. Retrieving it at a later time in order to reproduce the behavior earlier observed.10. What are the different systems described by Bronfenbrenner in Ecological Systems Theory? What are examples of each system? Where are they located in the diagram? 11. How does Ecological Systems theory view children? a. That people are products and producers of their environments, so both people and their environments form a network of interdependent effects.12. What is the process in classical conditioning? Be able to illustrate the steps through an example.a. Getting a conditioned stimulus (Bell/Trainer) to get a conditioned response (dog salvation)13. What is a longitudinal design? What is a cross-sectional design?a. Longitudinali. Studying the same people throughout their entire lives and different timesb. Cross-sectionali. Studying different people at different ages so there’s no generation gap14. What is a correlational design? What is an experimental design? How do the twodiffer? What are their limitations?a. Correlational designi. Studying the strength of the relationship1. Doesn’t prove causationb. Experimental designi. Manipulating a variable and having a control1. Can’t get a natural response15. What are independent and dependent variables? Be able to identify examples ofeach.a. IV  Runningb. DV  Heart Rate16. Describe random assignment?a. Assigning people randomly to a study, like out of a hat17. What is a correlation coefficient?a. -1 to +1; closer to either the stronger the correlationb. Negative means that there is a negative correlation, but a correlation none the lessBiological & Environmental Foundations1. Know the basics of genetics: DNA, gene, mitosis, meiosis, gamete, autosomes, sex chromosomes.a. DNAi. Your genetic infob. Genei. Makes up DNAc. Chromosomesi. 23 strands of DNA d. Mitosisi. Division of the nucleus that ends with two of the same cell with same genetic makeupe. Meiosisi. Production of sex cells1. Half of the genetic makeup as the originalf. Autosomesi. First 22 pairs of chromosomes; matching1. (23 pair consists of sex