John L. Sullivan (Boxer)First American athlete-celebrityFirst heavy weight champion to box with gloves onChampion Boxer (1880’s and 1890’s)Bare-knuckledQueensbury rulesKilrian fight (1889)Extensive newspaper coverageColorful fighterLoved the interviewUsed the press to promote himself – get people to go to the fights so he would make more moneyVideo clip: Biggest thing between civil war & Spanish American warThe Merkle GameChicago Cubs vs. New York Giants, September 23, 1908Polo grounds, New York CityTwo teams fighting for the pennantMerkle makes a base running mistakeGame is called a tie on October 6thFirst time allowed sports to sell newspapersReplayed at the endSports Sells NewspapersCovered extensively by the New York and Chicago MediaExtra editions are printed to keep fans up to date.The decision and the make up game make the front page of most major NYC and Chicago newspapersSports becomes water coolerGraham McNameeFirst national radio broadcaster for 1923 World Series and every one for the next decadeReplaced sportswritersNBC radio forms in 1926 – voice of NBC for over 15 yearsEventually had own show, didn’t know the sport that well, but knew how to talkCreated the conversational radio techniqueFather of play-by-playFirst Rose Bowl radio broadcast 1927First political conventionsLindenbergh’s landing in ParisFamous catch phrase ended every broadcast, “This is Graham McNamee speaking. Good night, all.”The Greatest Game Ever PlayedNFL Championship game December 28, 1959Baltimore Colts vs. New York GiantsYankee StadiumTie game, went into overtimeJohnny Unitas led the ColtsGame that changed professional footballAired on NBC (but blacked out in NYC)45 million viewersNFL and AFL sign national TV contractsFootball becomes the dominate sport in AmericaMunich TragedySummer Olympics, September 5 and 6, 1972Terrorists take Israeli athletes hostage for 20 hoursAll broadcast live on ABC, live coverage of eventOne of the first live, in color breaking news events on TVNew divisions changed how they covered breaking news eventsBrought the conflict in the middle east to the awareness of many Americans1979 NCAA Basketball Championship GameMagic Johnson vs. Larry BirdHighest rated game in college basketball historyHelped legitimize the NCAA Tournament, which quickly grew in popularity and moneyPopularity of the sport grew, especially in regards to the NBA2011 Shaq RetiresShaquille O’Neal, NBA superstarOne of the most recognizable and well known athletes in the worldShaq retired via TwitterVulgar tweet from Packers playerMost retweeted tweet in twitter historyPervasiveU.S. 6% of the world populationHalf of the world’s ad expenditure happens here in AmericaExposed to 300 to 1,500 ads per dayExposed to 20 per waking hour1940 – TV advertisingPervasive by medium(Where is advertising placed?)NP: 60% but news hole stayed the sameMovie: Product placement started with ET, as many as 46 different products per movie nowTV: 17 minutes per hour; 40 ads per hour, product placementInternet: Almost tied with TV ad expenditureNews hole: chunk of the newspaper, number of pages and column inches down to the number of words that is taken up by news. The rest is advertisingNews hole has not declined, or changedNewspaper getting bigger because of adsViral and Buzz agent ambassadorIdea of Viral = like a virus that catches & gets transmittedYou are one of the worker bees in the chain of spreading the virus to your friendsViral campaign of subservient chickenBurger King viral campaign – go there and ask chicken to do something – gets people to have burgerBuzz agent – someone who is often times paid, employed, to create the viral buzz online. Someone who is cool, everyone will follow.Ex. College campus ambassadors – clothingWhat do people think?Generally favorable few of advertising 45%They would buy advertised brands-even though it is more expensiveEx. Grocery store place more expensive products at eye levelVolunteer as advertisers through logos, language (Xerox, Google, Nescafe, Band-Aid, Kleenex, Aspirin, CutexCriticismConspicuous ConsumptionWe buy things that we do not needGain social acceptanceDefine identityFeel lost as people in consumer society, so we buyMaslow’s Hierarchy of needs (original five stage model)Self actualization: personal growthEsteem needs: achievement, status, reputationBelongingness and love needs:Safety needs:Biological and physiological needs:More CriticismMakes us very materialistic and wastefulWe make up 6% of the population but consume 30% of world’s resources80% say we consume too muchTechniques are unethical:Puffery – product is all “puffed” up, promises you things it could never deliver, empty claims that cant be disprovedExaggerationDeceptionEx. Argentina smoking commercial – if you smoke a cigarette you will become part of European culture – Liberty, freedom is being soldSex and StereotypesSex to sell anythingObjectification of womenCriticism – Play on our fearsMTV “Shot” YouTube video clipMake us feel we are lackingSelf-doubtMedia Sex: The ConcernsBehavioralSymbolicBoth are about pornography and non-pornographic sexual contentCONCERNSBehavioral:Lots of sex in media: going to lead to all sorts of sexual behavior problemsMoral corruption, sexually irresponsible, influence people’s personal satisfactionSymbolic:Gender objectificationMedia Sex:Behavioral67% of prime time shows have talk about sex or sexual behavior5 instances per hourNot responsible in terms of health2001-2010 only 15% of shows presented safe-sex messagesBehavioral issues:Zillmann and Bryant early 1980s, IU (Sex researchers):People watching sexually explicit filmsMedia Sex: Behavior1. Overestimated the frequency of unusual sexual practices (ex. Sadomasochism and bestiality) compared to the groups who saw nonsexual films.2. People on porn diet had less satisfaction with affection, physical appearance, sexual curiosity, and sexual performance of their real-life partners.3. Lower evaluation of marriage and monogamy (loyalty), less desire to have children, and greater acceptance of male dominance and female submissionThe medium makes a difference:Men are more aroused than woman by visual depictions of sexWomen are more aroused than men by verbal print depictions of sexMen and women show increases in:Masturbation, orgasm, sex fantasies, talking about sex, sexual tension, wish for sexRegulation:MPAA rating systemFCC regulationsTougher on sex than violence(Important for