HY 204 1st Edition Exam #1 Study Guide Lecture 1 (1/12) A New Birth of Freedom Central Question: How is this Nation going to reunite? What is freedom going to mean for those free from bondage? Early Plans for reunion included Lincoln’s 10% Plan (Lincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction 1863); Radical Republicans such as Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens oppose lenientpunishment for Southern States .The Wade Davis Bill (1864) proposes readmission for states who pledge loyalty to the Union and remain under government supervision, however Lincoln pocket vetoes because he is seeking re-election. The Thirteenth Amendment is passed (1865) to officially abolish slavery. Lincolnis then assassinated and replaced by Andrew Johnson who has very lenient policies for Southern Reconstruction. Radical Republicans begin creating networks such as the Freedman’s Bureau for free African-Americans, resulting in the passing of the Fourteenth Amendment granting citizenship to all (however denies Blacks the right to vote). Tenure of Office Act (1867) is put into place when Johnson attempts to remove a cabinet member, however his disregard for the new law leads to his impeachment.Lecture 2 (1/14) A Nation Backslides Central Question: Why did Reconstruction end when it did? The election of 1868 find Ulysses S. Grant to replace Andrew Johnson. The Fifteenth Amendmentwas passed granting African Americans the right to vote. Whit Supremist groups erupt resulting in the Colfax Massacre (1873) in which 100 unarmed Blacks were slain. Grant’s reelection proves the strength of Republicans in the South. Economy tanks in 1873 because of the expansion of railroads to places no one lives. States begin their readmission into the Union; Grant begins to step back due to allegations of scandal. The Whiskey Ring Scandal involved tax collectors trading whiskey profits for tax revenue. The Election of 1876 (Hilden vs. Hayes) resulted in the Compromise of 1877 and was the end for Reconstruction. Lecture 3 (1/21) New Gilded Age Central Question: What forces encouraged big business growth during the Gilded AgeThe expansion of the railroads had a huge impact on the country: bigger business, larger markets, and more consumption of goods. Technology also made communication easier by means of the telegraph and telephone. Big business led by Andrew Carnegie (Steel) and John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil) started a Second Industrial Revolution. Brands such as Coca-Cola began mass producing and marketing country-wide. Native Americans were dispossessed over their land after the Battle of Bighorn through the Dawes Severalty Act of 1877. Lecture 4 (1/26) Defining DemocracyNo one really remembers the presidents through the 1880s because charismatic campaigning was not present. The Republican Party platform was high protective tariffs and Gold Standard, while the Democrats’ platform was laissez faire form of government and soft money. The Populist movement began and incorporated sharecropping which exploited small, poor farmers. The Farmers Alliance was formed to help these farmers and prevent big business and the railroads from taking over. Lecture 5 (1/28) The Birth of Jim Crow Central Question: How did Jim Crow segregation undermine American Democracy?As conditions worsened for city workers, labor unions were formed such as the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor to ensure fair treatment of employees. The Colored Farmers Alliance hurt the populist movement. William McKinley beat out William Jennings Bryan in the election of 1896, whichallowed for change in the White House. Jim Crow laws were perpetuated through poll taxes and grandfather clauses, which prevented most African Americans from voting. Despite the federal laws, Jim Crow found loopholes to deny AAs fair treatment. Lecture 6 (2/2) Central Question: Why did America seek imperial expansion overseas in the 1890s?The Monroe Doctrine stated that no eastern hemisphere country could attempt to take over a western hemisphere country, specifically in the Caribbean. Manifest Destiny basically proved to the United States that they had the right to expand their borders to their fullest potential. The US also expanded because of the Christian missionary movement, military, increased markets, and the need for more territory. The Spanish-American War was a result of this expansion. The US invaded Cuba, Manila Bay, and the Philippines. The Treaty of Paris guaranteed UA military control over Puerto Rico, Guam, and Cuba. Lecture 7 (2/4) Sanitizing the City Central Question: What did Progressive Reformers hope to accomplish in urban America? As the majority of the population began to shift towards city life, a new middle class emerged that wanted to “clean up” the cities. Muckrakers such as Upton Sinclair sought to expose the foul food processing environment, which ultimately led to the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. Jane Addams and the Hull House were opportunities for immigrants to be acclimated to American life. Political machines such as the Tammany Hall Ring corrupted elections, promising favors for votes to uneducated immigrants. The emergence of the City Commission and the necessity of an educated council helped to spearhead city clean up. Lecture 8 (2/9) Nature’s Nation Central Question: What did environmental conservation mean to Progressive Reformers? President Teddy Roosevelt and his Square Deal launched a new era for America. He preached the Gospel of Efficiency and the idea that the proper usage of our natural resources will help in their conservation. The world’s first National Park was Yellowstone which became a landmark for the country. The fight between Preservationists and Conservationists erupts resulting in the development of the UA Forest Service, and John Muir’s Sierra Club. HetchHetchy Valley was the impetus for this battle, which was won by the Conservationists in order to bring water to San Francisco Valley.Lecture 9 (2/11) Making the World Safe for Democracy Central Question: What causes the US to enter WWI?Teddy Roosevelt hand selected Howard Taft as his replacement rather than running for re-election. The Pinchot-Ballinger affair and Taft’s response to the way the land would be used infuriated Roosevelt, and he decided to return for re-election. He begins the Bull Moose Party to run on a separate ticket, howeveris defeated due to a split Republican Party. Woodrow Wilson wins the election, however