IPHY 3410 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 12 Learning Goals 1 Describe the functions and characteristics of plasma membrane ER Golgi lysosomes and mitochondria Cytoplasm intracellular fluid contains fluid cytosol and organelles Plasma Membrane phospholipid bilayer which separates extracellular and intracellular layers Protein molecules identify cells and transport them in and out o Attached to membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum stores calcium for communication and muscle activation Smooth ER lipid assembly and metabolism Rough ER ribosomes assemble proteins Golgi Apparatus sorts processes and packages proteins and membranes made by Rough ER Makes lysosomes which clean up cell Produces vesicles that contain proteins Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes produced by Rough ER Mitochondria performs glycolysis and oxidation which both produce ATP Contain its own DNA and RNA Contains its own DNA and RNA Metabolism comes from maternal linkage your mother Has a large surface area due to folds Muscle cells have a lot red blood cells don t 2 Describe the function of three cytoskeletal elements Microfilament actin and myosin filaments o Just below cell membrane o Generate contractile force for movement Microtubule shaped like a lattice o Hollow tubes of tubulin protein o Attachment site for organelles Intermediate Filament o Protein fibers are wound like rope o Resist pulling forces and resist tension 3 Describe the function of three specialized contacts junctions Tight Junction prevents molecules from passing through intercellular space form a tight seal with Velcro dots Desmosomes bind adjacent cells at plaques o Strong prevent cell from being ripped apart o Linker proteins interdigitate with other linker proteins within intercellular space o Intermediate filaments span intracellular space to provide strength within cell Note Intercellular space between two cells Intracellular space within one cell Gap Junction allow for intercellular communication o Hollow protein cylinders channel connection between adjacent cells o Molecules can move quickly from cell to cell 4 List the four types of tissues found in the body Epithelium covering and lining Connective support Nervous control Muscle movement 5 Describe the characteristics of epithelia plural of epithelium that distinguish them from other types of tissues Highly cellular little extracellular space space between cells Lots of cell junctions seal strength and communication Polar distinct apical and basal regions o Apical top of cell o Basal foundation or base Sits on basement membrane for support o Basal lamina protein for surface of new cells o Reticular fibers connective tissue Avascular no direct blood supply Innervated have nervous connections Regenerative high capacity to replace cells ex skin 6 Describe structural classifications of epithelial tissues by layering simple or stratified Simple 1 layer thick Stratified more than 1 layer thick Squamous flattened cells Cuboidal rounded cube shaped cells Columnar tall cells 7 List epithelial types and their function Membranous majority of body coverings and linings Glandular produces glandular secretions Function Location Protection Skin Absorption Small Intestine Filtration Kidney Diffusion Lungs Chemoreception Nasal Cavity 8 Predict which epithelial cell type you would expect to find in an organ given the tissue functions Simple Squamous o Diffusion lungs o Filtration kidney o Secretion serous membrane Simple Cuboidal o Absorption kidney o Secretion some glands Simple Columnar o May or may not be ciliated o Absorption GI tract o Movement mucus in lungs ciliated o Secretion mucus Pseudostratified Columnar o All sit on basement membrane o Secretion and movement of mucus in respiratory system o Usually ciliated o Goblet cells produce mucus Stratified Squamous o Protection skin and oral cavity o Can be keratinized or non keratinized o Keratin is a protein for strength Stratified Cuboidal o 2 layers o Protection glandular ducts salivary glands Stratified Columnar o Protection male urethra o Secretion some glands o Not very common Transitional o Multiple layers that change shape when stretched o Unique found mainly in bladder o Contains tight and desmosome junctions 9 Name the specialized structures associated with the lateral basal and apical surfaces of epithelial cells Microvilli folds of plasma membrane of most epithelial tissue o Function maximize surface area for digestion and absorption Cilia whiplike motile extensions of cell surface o Function movement of mucus ex trachea 10 Define connective tissue Connective tissue proper o Loose Areolar adipose reticular o Dense Regular irregular elastic Cartilage o Hyaline o Fibrocartilage o Elastic Bone o Compact o Spongy Blood o Red blood cells o White blood cells 11 Compare and contrast the structure and functions of epithelial and connective tissue Connective Tissue Functions A tissue that connects supports separates tissues organs or stores nutrients Connects other tissues and organs together Forms skeletal elements Separates and supports blood vessels and nerves Ex tendons ligaments bones fascia cartilage adipose blood 12 Name the unique components of connective tissue Not very cellular lots of extracellular matrix Few or zero cell junctions Extracellular matrix made up of ground substance and fibers except in blood which is made has plasma o Ground substance can be gel like CT proper and cartilage or mineralized bone or fluid blood Large sugar protein molecules proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans Connective tissue proper and bone are vascularized innervated but blood and cartilage are not 13 Define and distinguish cutaneous mucous and serous membranes Cutaneous Skin o Composed of dermis connective tissue and epidermis epithelium o Epidermis is outermost layer Mucous Line organs that open to the outside of body ex nose mouth o Includes esophagus lining and mucosa of lung bronchi o Epithelial cells secrete mucus coating Serous Surrounds outside of organs and lines body cavities o Pericardium visceral and parietal layers serous membrane that lines pericardial cavity surrounds heart o Pleura visceral and parietal layers serous membrane that lines pleural cavity and surrounds lungs Includes parietal pleura visceral pleura lungs diaphragm o Peritoneum visceral and parietal layers 14 List the components of the integumentary system Integument means something that covers System group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions