IPHY 3410 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture 1) List the components of the integumentary system.2) Explain how skin and its appendages are organs of the integumentary system.3) Describe the functions of the integument.4) List the tissue types that compose epidermis and dermis.5) Describe the structure and function of all 5 layers of the epidermis, from deep to superficial; list the key functionsand cell types of each stratum. 6) Explain why the superficial part of the skin is dead.7) Distinguish between thick skin and thin skin; indicate which is hairy and which is hairless. 8) Describe the anatomy of dermis and structures found within dermis.9) Describe the structures and functions of the hypodermis.10) Explain how variations in melanin distribution in human skin creates different skin tone.11) List the parts of a hair and a hair follicle12) Illustrate the differences in the length of hair growth cycles, comparing hair of the head to hair of the arms or legs.13) Understand basics of major disorders : skin cancer and burns.14) Predict the consequence of skin loss (e.g., burn victim).15) Compare and contrast oil glands and sweat glands; identify locations, secretions, and special modifications.16) Explain the structure and function of nails.Outline of Current Lecture 1) Distinguish between axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton2) Identify the specific locations of cartilages in the adult body3) Explain the functions of cartilage.4) Explain the functional properties of cartilage itself.5) Identify the unique characteristics and locations of hyaline, fibro-, and elastic cartilages.6)Compare the three kinds of cartilage in terms of structure, function, and location. 7)Explain why bones are considered organs. Discuss the tissues comprising a bone.8)List and explain the main functions of the bony skeleton.9)Classify bones according to shape; include several examples for each category.10) Describe the gross anatomy of a typical long bone.11) Describe where compact and spongy bones are located in a long bone. 12) Differentiate the histology of compact and spongy bone.13) Explain why Prof. Kram dislikes the term “spongy bone”14) Explain why spongy bone and compact bones are found where they are in a long bone.15) Describe the structure, function, and relationship among central canal, perforating canal, lamellae, lacuna, and canaliculi. 16) Diagram the microscopic structure of compact bone tissue; include the osteon (Haversian system), central canal,lamellae, canaliculi, and osteocytes.17) Explain the processes of endochondral and intramembranous bone formation.18) Explain the difference between the epiphyseal plate and the epiphyseal line. 19) Explain the anatomy of epiphyseal growth areas. Describe how the presence of epiphyseal plates determine whether bone is still growing in length.20) Explain the process of longitudinal bone growth.21) Describe the cause of osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget's Disease (if discussed in lecture) and predict their pathologies. 22) Summarize the organic and inorganic composition of bone.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.23) Describe the role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone tissue remodeling. 24) Identify the basic steps in the healing of a bone fracture.Current LectureCartilage and BoneAxial vs. Appendicular Skeleton- Axial – skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage- Appendicular – pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbsFunctions of Cartilage- Connection (cartilage in ribs provides flexibility to breathe)- Separation (knee, back)- Lubrication- Protection (cushioning, knee)- Maintain shape (ear)Cartilage on a Microscopic Level- Connective tissue- Chondrocytes (mature cells)- Chondroblasts (secrete collagen and elastic fibers for support)- Extracellular matrix- Lacuna – a casing for chondrocytes- No blood vessels or nerves- Perichondrium – the outside layer of cartilageTypes of Cartilage- Hyaline Cartilageo Covers ends of long bones to make joints smootho Firm but watery matrix resists compressiono Some collagen fibers, which resist tensiono Found in nose, costal cartilage (ribs), articular cartilage in jointso Most common type of cartilage- Elastic Cartilageo Rare – found in ear and epiglottiso Able to withstand repeated bendingo Mostly elastic fibers, but some collagen- Fibrocartilageo Cartilage in vertebral discs, meniscus, and pubic symphysiso Higher concentration of collagen fibers; no elastico Resists tension and cushions vertebral discsBoneBone – An Overview- Connective tissue – osteocytes, collagen fibers, and hard calcified matrix- Other connective tissue – endosteum, periosteum- Epithelial tissue – blood vessels- Nervous tissue- Bone is an organ because it is make up of multiple types of tissuesBone Function- Support – framework and support for soft tissue- Movement – works with muscles- Protection – hard covering for brain, spinal cord, and other organs- Mineral reservoir – minerals including calcium and phosphates stored in matrix of bone- Hemopoiesis – houses red bone marrow, which produces new red blood cells- Endocrine function – osteoblasts secrete hormones that help regulate blood sugar levelsClassification of Bone- Shapeo Long bone - humerus, phalangeso Short bone – bones in hand/wristo Flat bone – sternumo Irregular bone – vertebrae, calcaneus Structure of a Long Bone- Ephiphysis – ends of bone on both the proximal and distal endo Contains spongy bone which contains red bone marrowo Epiphyseal plate – growth plate; site of active growth in long bone (cartilage in kids)o Epiphyseal line – ossified growth plate form when growth is complete (bone in adults)- Diaphysis – shaft of boneo Contains compact bone Cells are packed tightly togethero Medullary cavity – contains yellow bone marrow Yellow bone marrow contains adipocytes (fatty cells)Figure6.4.Thestructureofalongbone(humerus)ProximalepiphysisSpongyboneCompactboneMedullarycavityDiaphysisDistalepiphysisYellowbonemarrowYellowbonemarrowEndosteumCompactbone• Dense CT• Oste ogenic• Oste obl as ts & osteoclasts• Adipocytes (fat cells)• Contai ns red bone