IPHY 3410 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Learning Goals1. Describe the functions and characteristics of plasma membrane, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, andmitochondria.Cytoplasm – intracellular fluid; contains fluid cytosol and organellesPlasma Membrane – phospholipid bilayer which separates extracellular and intracellular layers- Protein molecules identify cells and transport them in and outo Attached to membraneEndoplasmic Reticulum – stores calcium for communication and muscle activation- Smooth ER – lipid assembly and metabolism- Rough ER – ribosomes assemble proteinsGolgi Apparatus – sorts, processes, and packages proteins and membranes made by Rough ER- Makes lysosomes which clean up cell- Produces vesicles that contain proteinsLysosomes – contain digestive enzymes produced by Rough ERMitochondria – performs glycolysis and oxidation which both produce ATP- Contain its own DNA and RNA - Contains its own DNA and RNA- Metabolism comes from maternal linkage (your mother)- Has a large surface area due to folds- Muscle cells have a lot; red blood cells don’t 2. Describe the function of three cytoskeletal elements- Microfilament – actin and myosin filamentso Just below cell membraneo Generate contractile force for movement- Microtubule – shaped like a latticeo Hollow tubes of tubulin proteino Attachment site for organelles- Intermediate Filamento Protein fibers are wound like ropeo Resist pulling forces and resist tension3. Describe the function of three specialized contacts/junctions- Tight Junction – prevents molecules from passing through intercellular space; form a “tight seal with ‘Velcro dots’”- Desmosomes – bind adjacent cells at plaqueso Strong; prevent cell from being ripped aparto Linker proteins – interdigitate with other linker proteins within intercellular spaceo Intermediate filaments – span intracellular space to provide strength within cellNote: Intercellular – space between two cells; Intracellular – space within one cell- Gap Junction – allow for intercellular communicationo Hollow protein cylinders – channel connection between adjacent cellso Molecules can move quickly from cell to cell4. List the four types of tissues found in the body.- Epithelium – covering and lining- Connective – support- Nervous – control- Muscle – movement5. Describe the characteristics of epithelia (plural of epithelium) that distinguish them from other types of tissues.- Highly cellular; little extracellular space (space between cells)- Lots of cell junctions; seal, strength, and communication- Polar – distinct apical and basal regionso Apical – top of cello Basal – foundation or base- Sits on basement membrane for supporto Basal lamina – protein for surface of new cellso Reticular fibers – connective tissue - Avascular – no direct blood supply- Innervated – have nervous connections- Regenerative – high capacity to replace cells (ex: skin)6. Describe structural classifications of epithelial tissues by layering: simple or stratified.- Simple – 1 layer thick- Stratified – more than 1 layer thick- Squamous – flattened cells- Cuboidal – rounded cube shaped cells- Columnar – tall cells7. List epithelial types and their function. - Membranous – majority of body coverings and linings- Glandular – produces glandular secretionsFunction LocationProtection SkinAbsorption Small IntestineFiltration KidneyDiffusion LungsChemoreception Nasal Cavity8. Predict which epithelial cell type you would expect to find in an organ given the tissue functions.- Simple Squamouso Diffusion: lungso Filtration: kidneyo Secretion: serous membrane- Simple Cuboidalo Absorption: kidneyo Secretion: some glands- Simple Columnaro May or may not be ciliated o Absorption: GI tracto Movement: mucus in lungs (ciliated)o Secretion: mucus- Pseudostratified Columnaro All sit on basement membraneo Secretion and movement of mucus in respiratory systemo Usually ciliatedo Goblet cells: produce mucus- Stratified Squamouso Protection: skin and oral cavityo Can be keratinized or non keratinizedo Keratin is a protein for strength- Stratified Cuboidalo 2 layerso Protection: glandular ducts (salivary glands)- Stratified Columnaro Protection: male urethrao Secretion: some glandso Not very common- Transitionalo Multiple layers that change shape when stretchedo Unique – found mainly in bladdero Contains tight and desmosome junctions9. Name the specialized structures associated with the lateral, basal, and apical surfaces of epithelial cells- Microvilli – folds of plasma membrane of most epithelial tissueo Function: maximize surface area for digestion and absorption- Cilia – whiplike, motile extensions of cell surfaceo Function: movement of mucus (ex: trachea)10. Define connective tissue.- Connective tissue propero Loose Areolar, adipose, reticularo Dense Regular, irregular, elastic- Cartilageo Hyalineo Fibrocartilageo Elastic- Boneo Compacto Spongy- Bloodo Red blood cellso White blood cells11. Compare and contrast the structure and functions of epithelial and connective tissue.Connective Tissue - Functions- A tissue that connects, supports, separates, tissues/organs or stores nutrients- Connects other tissues and organs together- Forms skeletal elements- Separates and supports blood vessels and nerves- Ex: tendons, ligaments, bones, fascia, cartilage, adipose, blood12. Name the unique components of connective tissue. - Not very cellular; lots of extracellular matrix- Few or zero cell junctions- Extracellular matrix – made up of ground substance and fibers (except in blood which is made has plasma)o Ground substance can be gel like (CT proper and cartilage), or mineralized (bone) or fluid (blood) Large sugar protein molecules (proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans) - Connective tissue proper and bone are vascularized, innervated, but blood and cartilage are not13. Define and distinguish cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes.- Cutaneous – Skino Composed of dermis (connective tissue) and epidermis (epithelium)o Epidermis is outermost layer- Mucous – Line organs that open to the outside of body (ex: nose, mouth)o Includes esophagus lining and mucosa of lung bronchio Epithelial cells secrete mucus coating- Serous – Surrounds outside of organs and lines body cavitieso Pericardium (visceral and parietal layers) serous membrane that lines pericardial cavity/surrounds hearto Pleura (visceral and parietal layers) serous membrane