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CU-Boulder IPHY 3410 - Joints; An Overview, Types, and Movements

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IPHY 3410 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture 1) Define motor unit.2) Describe the various ways in which muscles attach to their origins and insertions. Explain attachments of muscles to bones through tendons, aponeuroses, and direct and indirect attachments.3) Explain how skeletal muscles are classed into several functional types; give specific muscle examples and describe the functions of prime movers (agonists), antagonists, synergists, and fixators.4) Describe the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue. Compare its structure and function to skeletal muscle tissue.5) Describe the characteristics of smooth muscle tissue. Compare its structure and function to skeletal muscle tissue.6) Compare and contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue. Create a comparison chart for key characteristics such as location, cell shape, type of innervation, and function.Outline of Current Lecture 1)Define joint (articulation).2)Define the movement of these types of joints: synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic. 3)List the three general categories of joints.4)Describe the general structure of fibrous joints; identify the three main types of fibrous joints and give examples of each, indicating the degree of movement for each type.5)Describe the general structure and function of cartilaginous joints; identify the two main subtypes of cartilaginous joints and give examples of each, indicating the degree of movement for each.6)Describe the general structure and function of synovial joints; identify the six main subtypes of synovial joints (classified by shape) and give examples of each, indicating the degree of movement for each. 7)Demonstrate all movements allowed by synovial joints including one type of gliding, 5 types of angular movements, 3 types of rotation, and 11 special movements that do not fit into the previous categories. Current LectureJoints: An OverviewType Joint Cavity ConstructionFibrous No Dense regular CT connects bonesCartilagonous No Cartilage connects bonesSynovial Yes Ligaments and articular capsuleconnect bones; ends of bone byarticular cartilageFunctional Types of JointsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Arth, Arthro = joint- Synarthrosis = immobile joint- Amphiarthrosis = slightly movable joint- Diarthrosis = freely movable Fibrous Joints- Sutureo Synarthrotico Dense regular CT fiberso Allow for skull growth but gradually fuse as we age- Syndesmosiso Amphiarthotico Dense regular CT fiberso Between long bones- Gomphosiso Synarthrotico Periodontal ligament attaches tooth to bone of socketCartilaginous Joints- Synchondroseso Synarthrotic o Hyaline cartilage- Symphysiso Amphiarthrotico Bones are separated by fibrocartilage padSynovial Joint- Diarthrotic - Articular capsule has two layerso Fibrous capsule (outer layer) dense irregular CT which is an extension of the periosteum o Synovial membrane (inner layer) loose CT that produces synovial fluid and is vascular (lots of blood vessels) Synovial fluid=lubricant w/in capsule- Blood filtrate - Glycoproteins added from secretory cells of CT- Nourishes chondrocytes - pressure changes on cartilage causes fluid to move in and out of cartilageFigure 9.3a A typical synovial joint between the ends of two bones. Periosteum Ligament Fibrous capsule (a) Synovial membrane J oint cavity contains synovial fluid Articular cartilage (hyaline) covers articulating ends of bones Figure 9.3c A synovial joint that contains an articular disc. Synovial membrane Articular cartilage J oint cavity Articular disc Fibrocartilage disc found within some synovial joints (c) Fibrous capsule Synovial Joint Movements- Gliding = flat or nearly flat surfaces glide across one another- Flexion = joint angle decreases- Extension = joint angle increases- Circumduction = circular, cone-like movement (ball & socket joint)- Abduction = body part moved away from midline of body- Adduction = body part moved back toward the midline of body- Rotation: movement of part around its own axis- Lateral rotation = rotates away from median plane (mid-sagittal)- Medial rotation = rotates toward median plane (mid-sagittal)- Pronation = from standard anatomical position, radius rotates over ulna so palm is moved from an anteriorto posterior position - Supination = from pronated position, radius returns to anatomical position and palm faces anteriorly- Inversion = sole of foot is moved medially (inward)- Eversion = sole of foot is moved laterally (outward)- Dorsiflexion = top of foot toward head- Plantar flexion = plantar surface of foot pointed away from head, also called extension- Protraction -> movement in an anterior direction- Retraction à movement in a posterior direction- Elevation = body part lifted superiorly- Depression = body part moved inferiorly- Opposition = from anatomical position, thumb is moved to touch tips of other fingersSynovial Joints- are all diarthrotic, that is “free moving”- Shapes of articulating bones and supporting structures determine movements possible at each joint and therange of movement- Translational = glideo NO axis of rotation- Uniaxial = moves around one axis (hinge)- Biaxial = moves around two axis; often at 90deg to each other- Multiaxial = moves around more than two axisTypes of Joints- Hinge Jointo Uniaxial o Flexion and extension- Pivot Jointo Uniaxialo Rotation movements- Plane Jointo NO axiso Transitional Movements = sliding, gliding- Condyloid Jointo Biaxialo Flexion/Extensiono Abduction/Adduction- Saddle Jointo Biaxialo Flexion/extensiono Abduction/adduction- Ball-and-Socket Jointo Multiaxialo Flexion/extensiono Abduction/adductiono Circumductiono RotationBursa- Bursa: closed fibrous sac lined by synovial membrane & filled w/ synovial fluido Rolls and reduces frictiono Bursitis - Inflammation & swelling of bursao- Tendon sheath: an elongated bursa that wraps around tendons in high friction areaso Carpal Tunnel - Inflammation of tendon sheaths puts pressure on nerve passing through carpaltunnelShoulder Joint- “Shoulder” = Glenohumeral joint- Ball & socket- mobility vs. risk of dislocation- Glenoid labrum: rim/ring of fibrocartilage that deepens cavity- Articular capsule:o Fibrous capsuleo Synovial membraneo Loose to allow movement- Articular cartilage: hyaline- Ligamentso Coracohumeral ligament Strongest Superior capsule Supports weight of upper limbo


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CU-Boulder IPHY 3410 - Joints; An Overview, Types, and Movements

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