Biol 3350 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. Hemoglobin Gene FamilyII. Mutagenic change in populationsIII. Importance of mutation as an evolutionary forceIV. Measuring genetic variationa. Determining genotypesb. PCR: Polymerase chain reactionc. Alaskan Sled Dog Geneticsd. Microsatellite versus Minisatellite Markers e. Phylogenetic TreesV. Evolution of Trichromatic Color Vision in PrimatesOutline of Current Lecture I. Evolution: the change in allele frequencies over timeII. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibriuma. Consequencesb. Assumptionsc. Implications of HWEd. Using HWE as a test for evolutionCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.I. Evolution: the change in allele frequencies over timea. Can see that the population mean of a certain trait changes over time à evidence of evolutionb. Human pressure causes evolutionary change in animalsc. Changes can occur in response to climate changed. P = relative frequency of A1A1 genotypee. H = relative frequency of A1A2 genotypef. Q = relative frequency of A2A2 genotypeg. Relative frequency of the A1 alel: p = P + 1/2Hh. Relative frequency of the A2 allele: q = Q + 1/2HII. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibriuma. Consequencesi. Locus is said to be in genetic equilibrium1. - if we find that a population is in HWE, the locus of that specific trait is thought to be in genetic equilibrium à meaning it’ll remainthe same from generation to generation2. - These are properties of a single gene locus, NOT an entire individual or entire populationii. Genotype frequencies will remain the same from generation to generationiii. HWE is a property of a gene, not of an individual or a populationb. Assumptionsi. Large population size to ensure no effects of genetic drifii. No natural selectioniii. No mutationiv. No migrationv. Random mating with respect to genotypesc. Implications of HWEi. Genotypye frequencies will remain constant from one generation to the nextii. Allelic variation is not lost between generationsiii. One generation of random mating will restore a locus to HWEiv. Single locus with multiple alleles can also be in HWEv. Sex-linked loci can also be in HWEd. Using HWE as a test for evolutioni. HWE predicts that allele frequencies will remain the same across generationsii. Evolution is a change in allele frequencies across generationsiii. Deviation of observed genotype frequencies from expected HWE genotypes frequencies means that evolution is occurring at that locus1. The null hypothesis (HWE) is
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