Biol 3350 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. What is Selection?II. Stabilizing SelectionIII. Directional SelectionIV. Genetic Mutationsa. Point mutationsb. Transitionsc. Transversionsd. Insertions or deletionse. Silent substitutionsf. Missense mutationsg. Nonsense mutationsh. Frameshift mutationsV. Mutation RatesVI. Chromosomal MutationsOutline of Current Lecture I. Hemoglobin Gene FamilyII. Mutagenic change in populationsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. Importance of mutation as an evolutionary forceIV. Measuring genetic variationa. Determining genotypesb. PCR: Polymerase chain reactionc. Alaskan Sled Dog Geneticsd. Microsatellite versus Minisatellite Markers e. Phylogenetic TreesV. Evolution of Trichromatic Color Vision in PrimatesCurrent LectureI. Hemoglobin Gene Familya. Paralogous genes – function copies of genes that originated from divergence in function from another geneb. Paralogous = functional; Pseudogene = non-functionalc. Both formed by gene copying through unequal crossing overd. Hemoglobin family contains both functional and non-functional genese. Different globin proteins are produced in different tissues but are structurally similar to hemoglobin, just have diverged slightly in functionf. Major hemoglobin molecule is slightly different in the fetus versus the adultg. Beta chain is produced at low level in postconceptual age but continues to increase in level to postnatal ageh. Gama chains are produced at high levels at first in gastration and drops to almost no production at the postnatal agei. Fetal hemoglobin has higher affinity to oxygen than adult hemoglobin à facilitates the oxygen exchange between the mother and the fetus which promotes fetal growthII. Mutagenic change in populationsa. Mutation is a strong evolutionary forcei. Probability of survival of a rare mutant is lowIII. Importance of mutation as an evolutionary forcea. Neutral mutations – don’t code for proteins or don’t change amino acid that is coded forb. Mostly acted on by genetic driftc. Most mutations that arise are neutrald. About the same amount are slightly beneficial or slightly deleteriouse. More deleterious mutations than beneficial, but more beneficial than lethalf. Mutations that are beneficial will accumulate in the genome fasterIV. Measuring genetic variationa. Determining genotypesi. Electric current through the gel causes the bands to moveii. Proteins and DNA are attracted to the positive end of the plateb. PCR: Polymerase chain reactioni. Use gel electrophoresis to see how fast the bands move down the polarized gel plateii. Can look at relationships between species and hybridizationc. Alaskan Sled Dog Geneticsi. Sledge dogs are not breed for their looks; rather they are breed for their behavior (enthusiasm, speed, stamina, work ethic, etc.)ii. Some are breed for long distance races (stamina) others are breed for speed in short distance racesiii. Clear genetic markers can identify Alaskan sled dogsiv. Compared the genetic markers of the sled dogs to almost 150 different kinds of dog breedsv. Based this on 96 different microsatellite markersvi. Found a number of different breeds contributed to sled dog genomicsvii. Genetic profile of dogs breed for sprinting looked very different than that of the dogs breed for distance runningd. Microsatellite versus Minisatellite Markers i. Microsatellites – small repeats (typically two base pairs; ATATAT)ii. Minisatellite – more complicated, more variation in the repeate. Phylogenetic Treesi. Can determine relationships between different populations and different species based on the differences and similarities in sequences of nucleotidesii. Become more and more different from each other because they are isolated from each other à divergeV. Evolution of Trichromatic Color Vision in Primatesa. Old hypothesis:i. During evolution of OW monkeys, gene duplication occurredii. Evolution of NW monkeys was a result of point mutation that lead to the creation of 3 allelesb. Current Idea:i. Original condition à mutation à produce 2 different alleles à another mutation à 3 different allelesii. Female can be trichromat (if have two different alleles on the same chromosome) or dichromat (if have two of the same allele)iii. Gene duplication error in OWM which created two different alleles on thesame chromosomeiv. Found L and M pigments in both NWM and OWM are almost identical à were present in the same common