IPHY 3410 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture 1 Define motor unit 2 Describe the various ways in which muscles attach to their origins and insertions Explain attachments of muscles to bones through tendons aponeuroses and direct and indirect attachments 3 Explain how skeletal muscles are classed into several functional types give specific muscle examples and describe the functions of prime movers agonists antagonists synergists and fixators 4 Describe the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue Compare its structure and function to skeletal muscle tissue 5 Describe the characteristics of smooth muscle tissue Compare its structure and function to skeletal muscle tissue 6 Compare and contrast skeletal cardiac and smooth muscle tissue Create a comparison chart for key characteristics such as location cell shape type of innervation and function Outline of Current Lecture 1 Define joint articulation 2 Define the movement of these types of joints synarthrotic amphiarthrotic diarthrotic 3 List the three general categories of joints 4 Describe the general structure of fibrous joints identify the three main types of fibrous joints and give examples of each indicating the degree of movement for each type 5 Describe the general structure and function of cartilaginous joints identify the two main subtypes of cartilaginous joints and give examples of each indicating the degree of movement for each 6 Describe the general structure and function of synovial joints identify the six main subtypes of synovial joints classified by shape and give examples of each indicating the degree of movement for each 7 Demonstrate all movements allowed by synovial joints including one type of gliding 5 types of angular movements 3 types of rotation and 11 special movements that do not fit into the previous categories Current Lecture Joints An Overview Type Joint Cavity Construction Fibrous No Dense regular CT connects bones Cartilagonous No Cartilage connects bones Synovial Yes Ligaments and articular capsule connect bones ends of bone by articular cartilage Functional Types of Joints These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Arth Arthro joint Synarthrosis immobile joint Amphiarthrosis slightly movable joint Diarthrosis freely movable Fibrous Joints Suture o Synarthrotic o Dense regular CT fibers o Allow for skull growth but gradually fuse as we age Syndesmosis o Amphiarthotic o Dense regular CT fibers o Between long bones Gomphosis o Synarthrotic o Periodontal ligament attaches tooth to bone of socket Cartilaginous Joints Synchondroses o Synarthrotic o Hyaline cartilage Symphysis o Amphiarthrotic o Bones are separated by fibrocartilage pad Synovial Joint Diarthrotic Articular capsule has two layers o Fibrous capsule outer layer dense irregular CT which is an extension of the periosteum o Synovial membrane inner layer loose CT that produces synovial fluid and is vascular lots of blood vessels Synovial fluid lubricant w in capsule Blood filtrate Glycoproteins added from secretory cells of CT Nourishes chondrocytes pressure changes on cartilage causes fluid to move in and out of cartilage Figure 9 3a A typical synovial joint between the ends of two bones J oint cavity Ligament contains synovial fluid Articular cartilage hyaline covers articulating ends of bones Fibrous capsule Periosteum Synovial membrane a Figure 9 3c A synovial joint that contains an articular disc Synovial membrane Articular cartilage Articular disc J oint cavity Fibrocartilage disc found within some synovial joints Fibrous capsule c Synovial Joint Movements Gliding flat or nearly flat surfaces glide across one another Flexion joint angle decreases Extension joint angle increases Circumduction circular cone like movement ball socket joint Abduction body part moved away from midline of body Adduction body part moved back toward the midline of body Rotation movement of part around its own axis Lateral rotation rotates away from median plane mid sagittal Medial rotation rotates toward median plane mid sagittal Pronation from standard anatomical position radius rotates over ulna so palm is moved from an anterior to posterior position Supination from pronated position radius returns to anatomical position and palm faces anteriorly Inversion sole of foot is moved medially inward Eversion sole of foot is moved laterally outward Dorsiflexion top of foot toward head Plantar flexion plantar surface of foot pointed away from head also called extension Protraction movement in an anterior direction Retraction movement in a posterior direction Elevation body part lifted superiorly Depression body part moved inferiorly Opposition from anatomical position thumb is moved to touch tips of other fingers Synovial Joints are all diarthrotic that is free moving Shapes of articulating bones and supporting structures determine movements possible at each joint and the range of movement Translational glide o NO axis of rotation Uniaxial moves around one axis hinge Biaxial moves around two axis often at 90deg to each other Multiaxial moves around more than two axis Types of Joints Hinge Joint o Uniaxial o Flexion and extension Pivot Joint o Uniaxial o Rotation movements Plane Joint o NO axis o Transitional Movements sliding gliding Condyloid Joint o Biaxial o Flexion Extension o Abduction Adduction Saddle Joint o Biaxial o Flexion extension o Abduction adduction Ball and Socket Joint o Multiaxial o Flexion extension o o o Abduction adduction Circumduction Rotation Bursa Bursa closed fibrous sac lined by synovial membrane filled w synovial fluid o Rolls and reduces friction o Bursitis Inflammation swelling of bursa o Tendon sheath an elongated bursa that wraps around tendons in high friction areas o Carpal Tunnel Inflammation of tendon sheaths puts pressure on nerve passing through carpal tunnel Shoulder Joint Shoulder Glenohumeral joint Ball socket mobility vs risk of dislocation Glenoid labrum rim ring of fibrocartilage that deepens cavity Articular capsule o Fibrous capsule o Synovial membrane o Loose to allow movement Articular cartilage hyaline Ligaments o Coracohumeral ligament Strongest Superior capsule Supports weight of upper limb o Glenohumeral ligaments Tendons o Long head of biceps brachii o Subscapularis Rotator cuff surrounds supports joint o Supraspinatus o Infraspinatus o Teres minor o Subscapularis Shoulder Dislocation o Bones are