Biology M200 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Making DNA, RNA, and proteinsOutline of Current Lecture II. Microbial GeneticsIII. Genetic TransferCurrent LectureGenetic Transfer: Three types- transformation, conjugation, transduction- Transformationo Uptake of free DNA directly from the environment.- Natural Competenceo Bacteria that are capable of transformation are said to be naturally competent. Competence: a physiological state in which bacteria take up DNA. - Steps in transformation1. Binding of double stranded DNA by com machine2. Digested to single stranded DNA (ssDNA)3. ssDNA taken up into the cell.4. Recombination into chromosome. Conjugation- Direct transfer of DNA from one cell to another- Cell interaction is facilitated by a pilus. - Basic plasmido Plasmids carry at least two genes: Pilus and Tra protein for DNA transfer. o And their own origin of replication (oriT)- Pilus extends and binds to the surface of recipient, the pilus retracts and brings cells intocontact. (NOTE: the recipient does not have the plasmid and therefore does not have thepilus)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Agrobacterium tumefaciens- Bacterium, plant pathogen that causes crown-gall disease- Transfers a Ti PLASMID to plants by conjugation- In addition to basic plasmid genes, the Ti plasmid carries two genes that direct production of:o 1. Plant growth hormone (causes formation of Galls)o 2. Octopine synthesisIf the growth hormone gene and the octopine gene from the Ti plasmid were removed…there would be no rapid plant growth/tumors, and the plant makes vitamin A instead of octopine. Who eats the vitamin A?:- Humans- 250,000-500,000 children develop blindness each year- Half of these children die within one year of symptoms.- Result of a Vitamin A deficiency- Most common in Southeast Asia and AfricaTransduction- Transfer of genetic material between two bacteria by means of a virus.- Phage: tiny viruses that infect bacteria.o Phage use host cells to make copies of