HIS 102 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. Precondition of the Reformationa. Economic Issuesb. Spiritual IssuesII. Martin Luthera. 95 ThesesIII. Resulting ConflictsIV. John CalvinV. The Council of TrentVI. Societal ChangesOutline of Current Lecture I. Pre-existing Conditionsa. Franceb. The Netherlandsc. BohemiaII. Thirty Years Wara. Impact on the Peopleb. Peace of Westphaliac. Effects of the WarCurrent LecturePre-Existing Conditionso The radical new idea that individuals might follow their own consciences in matters of religion struck at the very foundation of European politics and social realities. o Hostilities involved religion but had significant economic, political, and social dimensions as well.In Franceo French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)o 1550  the spread of Calvinism scared the French kings.o Kings: Francis I and Henry II Had a strong Catholic rule.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Queen Catherine Medici takes over rule after death of Henry II (1559).o Religious war breaks out 1562. Catholics vs French Calvinists (Huguenots)o Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (Aug 1572) King orders death of protestant leadership. Women and children not spared. Lasted 6 days.o Civil war continued until King Henry III was assassinated (1589) with no heir to fillhis place.o Henry IV issues Edict of Nantes which promoted religious toleration and ended the religious wars.The Netherlandso Ruled by King Philip II.o Revolt breaks out after Philip restructures the Catholic Church to weaken the aristocracy (1566). Dutch Protestants attack Catholic Church property. Army is put together to counter revolt and war breaks out in 1572.o Council of Blood. Forty years of war which lead to the slaughter of thousands of Protestants.o Revolting Protestants never subdued  Philip dies before seeing the end of the war. Northern provinces given independence and become the Protestant Dutch Republic. South Spanish Netherlands stay Catholic.Troubles in Bohemiao Defenestration of Prague, May 1618. Catholic prince takes over Bohemia and tries to vanquish Protestant minority. Administrators are thrown out the window and land in manure below.o Battle of White Mountain, November 1620.o Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II goes to war to make Bohemia Catholic, leadingto the beginning of the thirty years war.o Executions of Bohemian Protestant nobility.The Thirty Years’ Waro The first 12 years of the war was a success for Ferdinand.o At some point, the war shifts from being a religious war to a political quest. Catholic French king joins the Protestant cause to weaken the Habsburgs.o 1640  war reaches a stalemate and ultimately ends after exhausting both sides.Impact on the Peopleo Tremendous devastationso Siegeso Many refugeeso Peasant upheavalso Soldiers “lived off the land”o Famineso Diseases (the plague) 1/3 of Europe’s population perishes. Peace of Westphalia, 1648o Comprehensive peace settlement. Became the model for later peace settlements.o German princes now could choose their own religion.o Calvinism included as a tolerated faith.Effects of Waro State centralization. Growth of armies and bureaucracies.o It was the last war that was deemed as a “religious war” in Europe.o Power shifted away from the Habsburg powers (Spain and Austria) to France and England.o Set the political geography of