HIS 102 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I Renaissance II Northern Italian City States III Patronage IV Key Concepts of Renaissance Art and Architecture V Humanism VI Northern Renaissance Outline of Current Lecture I Precondition of the Reformation a Economic Issues b Spiritual Issues II Martin Luther a 95 Theses III Resulting Conflicts IV John Calvin V The Council of Trent VI Societal Changes Current Lecture Precondition of the Reformation o Tension between the Roman church and worldly rulers was high to begin with the rulers saw the church as a threat and vice versa o Leads to conflict with the Roman church The Great Schism 1378 1415 Two popes were elected 1 loyal and chosen by the king and 1 chosen by the church Why would it cause a schism Which pope is the right one Which pope will lead us to salvation The Council of Constance 1415 1418 Meant to overcome the schism The council decided to fire both popes and a new single pope is elected These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o There were many calls for reform already happening at this time and the popes weren t against the reforms they just approached reform very slowly o There were a lot of pre existing conditions of the reformation before Luther s time Social and Economic Issues o The church held 1 3 to 1 5 of the land in Europe o The church is tax exempt so other people had to pay more in taxes to make up for the church not paying o Rich people saw the amount of land the church held as a threat o Indulgences were made Paying the church money to absolve your sins Local money that paid indulgences was all going into Rome Spiritual and Intellectual Issues o People are beginning to practice religion on their own o To some extent their using their new education to form their own religion which doesn t get the proper attention until Martin Luther Erasmus applied Humanism to religion o Offered a new translation of the bible o Criticized the corruption of the church o Believed anyone should be able to read the bible even women o TL DR Erasmus laid the egg that Martin Luther hatched Martin Luther 1483 1546 o o o o Martin Luther didn t plan on creating a new faith He was a humanist before experiencing a religious crisis and later becomes a monk He was an utterly terrified Catholic that wanted salvation He challenged the church s use of indulgences What will get you into heaven is faith not indulgences o 1517 he posts his 95 Theses It was supported by humanists and educated middle class clerics Intended originally as a debate but the church saw this as an attack and saw Martin Luther as a troublemaking monk o Main ideas of the 95 Theses Faith alone can save the believers Emphasized the individual s relationship with God People were saved only through God s mercy not through their own efforts to live as good Christians Scripture alone He had the bible translated into the vernacular so that anyone could read it Priesthood of All Believers Women and men are responsible for their own salvation There is no need for an ordained priesthood to convey grace to believers by performing the sacraments Church leaders could teach preach and guide Christian followers but they could not help them achieve salvation Resulting Conflicts 1520 The Excommunication of Luther o Luther is excommunicated from the church o He gets married to an ex nun and begins to work on other writings related to Protestantism o He gains a following of reformers 1521 Diet at Worms o Luther is called before Charles V to recant his views o He refuses to recant with the quote to go against conscience is neither right nor safe Here I stand I cannot do otherwise He is declared an outlaw by the king o Receives protection despite outlaw status from his local ruler Frederick the Wise Additional support by many German princes dukes local nobles urban establishments and many peasants 1524 1526 Peasant s War o Peasants began to demand a reduction of manorial dues and services and preservation of their rights to use meadows and woods They used the reformation cause to fuel their rebellion and called for the support of the reformers o Protests became violent and peasants stormed manor houses o Luther takes the side of the state not of the Peasants He advocated religious reform not social revolution He was socially and politically conservative o He encourages the peasants be punished believing they should follow the laws of the state always Augsburg Confession of 1530 o Many German princes proclaim their allegiance to the reform cause o Leads to the peace of Augsburg between Catholics Protestants and the Emperor 1555 o Cuiusregio eiusreligio The land of the prince follows the religion of its prince Leads to recognition of Lutheranism in the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire is officially fragmented John Calvin 1506 1564 o o o o Very similar to Luther in terms of beliefs Followed Luther s ideas pretty loosely Argued that God predestines who will and won t go to heaven Was followed mostly by the urban middle class that believed that their economic success meant that they were predestined to go to heaven The Council of Trent 1545 1563 o o o o o o o o o o A series of meetings Defined Catholic beliefs and practices for the next 400 years Banned the sale of indulgences Banned corruption in the church Reaffirmed the central elements of the Catholic belief Required that all clerics be educated Emphasized that prayer freed the soul of sin The church and clergy are the only ones who can interpret God s word Belief and hard work gets you into heaven There will be no reunification with the Protestant church Societal Changes Marriage Emphasized the mutual love between man and wife instead of making marriage a private act between two families Women s Roles Made the women s only position of wife and mother No nunning was allowed for divorcees Literacy and Education Becomes more important The bibles becomes a more common item to see around the household New Focus on Work A new philosophy about hard work rises Work good worthwhile and God pleasing