HIS 102 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. RenaissanceII. Northern Italian City StatesIII. PatronageIV. Key Concepts of Renaissance Art and ArchitectureV. HumanismVI. Northern RenaissanceOutline of Current Lecture I. Precondition of the Reformationa. Economic Issuesb. Spiritual IssuesII. Martin Luthera. 95 ThesesIII. Resulting ConflictsIV. John CalvinV. The Council of TrentVI. Societal ChangesCurrent LecturePrecondition of the Reformationo Tension between the Roman church and worldly rulers was high to begin with – the rulers saw the church as a threat and vice versa.o Leads to conflict with the Roman church… The Great Schism (1378 – 1415) Two popes were elected, 1 loyal and chosen by the king and 1 chosen by the church. Why would it cause a schism? Which pope is the right one? Which pope will lead us to salvation? The Council of Constance (1415 – 1418) Meant to overcome the schism.  The council decided to fire both popes and a new, single pope is elected.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o There were many calls for reform already happening at this time and the popes weren’t against the reforms, they just approached reform very slowly.o There were a lot of pre-existing conditions of the reformation before Luther’s time.Social and Economic Issues…o The church held 1/3 to 1/5 of the land in Europe.o The church is tax exempt (so other people had to pay more in taxes to make up for the church not paying).o Rich people saw the amount of land the church held as a threat.o Indulgences were made. Paying the church money to absolve your sins. Local money that paid indulgences was all going into Rome.Spiritual and Intellectual Issues…o People are beginning to practice religion on their own.o To some extent, their using their new education to form their own religion (whichdoesn’t get the proper attention until Martin Luther). Erasmus (applied Humanism to religion)o Offered a new translation of the bible. o Criticized the corruption of the church.o Believed anyone should be able to read the bible, even women.o TL;DR – Erasmus laid the egg that Martin Luther hatched.Martin Luther (1483 – 1546)o Martin Luther didn’t plan on creating a new faith.o He was a humanist before experiencing a religious crisis and later becomes a monk.o He was an utterly terrified Catholic that wanted salvation.o He challenged the church’s use of indulgences. What will get you into heaven is faith, not indulgences.o 1517, he posts his 95 Theses.  It was supported by humanists and educated middle class clerics. Intended originally as a debate, but the church saw this as an attack and saw Martin Luther as a troublemaking monk.o Main ideas of the 95 Theses… Faith alone can save the believers. Emphasized the individual’s relationship with God. People were saved only through God’s mercy, not through their own efforts to live as good Christians. Scripture alone. He had the bible translated into the vernacular so that anyone could read it. Priesthood of All Believers. Women and men are responsible for their own salvation. There is no need for an ordained priesthood to convey grace to believers by performing the sacraments. Church leaders could teach, preach, and guide Christian followers but they could not help them achieve salvation.Resulting Conflicts1520 – The Excommunication of Luthero Luther is excommunicated from the church.o He gets married to an ex-nun and begins to work on other writings related to Protestantism. o He gains a following of reformers.1521 – Diet at Wormso Luther is called before Charles V to recant his views.o He refuses to recant with the quote “to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise.” He is declared an outlaw by the king.o Receives protection, despite outlaw status, from his local ruler Frederick the Wise. Additional support by many German princes, dukes, local nobles, urban establishments, and many peasants.1524 – 1526 – Peasant’s Waro Peasants began to demand a reduction of manorial dues and services and preservation of their rights to use meadows and woods. They used the reformation cause to fuel theirrebellion and called for the support of the reformers.o Protests became violent and peasants stormed manor houses.o Luther takes the side of the state, not of the Peasants. He advocated religious reform, not social revolution. He was socially and politically conservative.o He encourages the peasants be punished, believing they should follow the laws of the state always.Augsburg Confession of 1530o Many German princes proclaim their allegiance to the reform cause.o Leads to the peace of Augsburg between Catholics, Protestants, and the Emperor (1555).o Cuiusregio, eiusreligio. The land of the prince follows the religion of its prince. Leads to recognition of Lutheranism in the Holy Roman Empire. Holy Roman Empire is officially fragmented.John Calvin (1506 – 1564)o Very similar to Luther in terms of beliefs.o Followed Luther’s ideas pretty loosely. o Argued that God predestines who will and won’t go to heaven.o Was followed mostly by the urban middle class that believed that their economic success meant that they were predestined to go to heaven.The Council of Trent (1545 – 1563)o A series of meetings.o Defined Catholic beliefs and practices for the next 400 years.o Banned the sale of indulgences.o Banned corruption in the church.o Reaffirmed the central elements of the Catholic belief.o Required that all clerics be educated.o Emphasized that prayer freed the soul of sin.o The church and clergy are the only ones who can interpret God’s word.o Belief and hard work gets you into heaven.o There will be no reunification with the Protestant church.Societal ChangesMarriage Emphasized the mutual love between man and wife instead of making marriage aprivate act between two families.Women’s Roles Made the women’s only position of wife and mother. No nunning was allowed for divorcees. Literacy and Education Becomes more important. The bibles becomes a more common item to see around the household.New Focus on Work A new philosophy about hard work rises.  Work = good, worthwhile, and God