IPHY 3410 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture 1 List the components of the integumentary system 2 Explain how skin and its appendages are organs of the integumentary system 3 Describe the functions of the integument 4 List the tissue types that compose epidermis and dermis 5 Describe the structure and function of all 5 layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial list the key functions and cell types of each stratum 6 Explain why the superficial part of the skin is dead 7 Distinguish between thick skin and thin skin indicate which is hairy and which is hairless 8 Describe the anatomy of dermis and structures found within dermis 9 Describe the structures and functions of the hypodermis 10 Explain how variations in melanin distribution in human skin creates different skin tone 11 List the parts of a hair and a hair follicle 12 Illustrate the differences in the length of hair growth cycles comparing hair of the head to hair of the arms or legs 13 Understand basics of major disorders skin cancer and burns 14 Predict the consequence of skin loss e g burn victim 15 Compare and contrast oil glands and sweat glands identify locations secretions and special modifications 16 Explain the structure and function of nails Outline of Current Lecture 1 Distinguish between axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton 2 Identify the specific locations of cartilages in the adult body 3 Explain the functions of cartilage 4 Explain the functional properties of cartilage itself 5 Identify the unique characteristics and locations of hyaline fibro and elastic cartilages 6 Compare the three kinds of cartilage in terms of structure function and location 7 Explain why bones are considered organs Discuss the tissues comprising a bone 8 List and explain the main functions of the bony skeleton 9 Classify bones according to shape include several examples for each category 10 Describe the gross anatomy of a typical long bone 11 Describe where compact and spongy bones are located in a long bone 12 Differentiate the histology of compact and spongy bone 13 Explain why Prof Kram dislikes the term spongy bone 14 Explain why spongy bone and compact bones are found where they are in a long bone 15 Describe the structure function and relationship among central canal perforating canal lamellae lacuna and canaliculi 16 Diagram the microscopic structure of compact bone tissue include the osteon Haversian system central canal lamellae canaliculi and osteocytes 17 Explain the processes of endochondral and intramembranous bone formation 18 Explain the difference between the epiphyseal plate and the epiphyseal line 19 Explain the anatomy of epiphyseal growth areas Describe how the presence of epiphyseal plates determine whether bone is still growing in length 20 Explain the process of longitudinal bone growth 21 Describe the cause of osteoporosis osteomalacia and Paget s Disease if discussed in lecture and predict their pathologies 22 Summarize the organic and inorganic composition of bone These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 23 Describe the role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone tissue remodeling 24 Identify the basic steps in the healing of a bone fracture Current Lecture Cartilage and Bone Axial vs Appendicular Skeleton Axial skull vertebral column and thoracic cage Appendicular pectoral girdle upper limbs pelvic girdle and lower limbs Functions of Cartilage Connection cartilage in ribs provides flexibility to breathe Separation knee back Lubrication Protection cushioning knee Maintain shape ear Cartilage on a Microscopic Level Connective tissue Chondrocytes mature cells Chondroblasts secrete collagen and elastic fibers for support Extracellular matrix Lacuna a casing for chondrocytes No blood vessels or nerves Perichondrium the outside layer of cartilage Types of Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage o Covers ends of long bones to make joints smooth o Firm but watery matrix resists compression o Some collagen fibers which resist tension o Found in nose costal cartilage ribs articular cartilage in joints o Most common type of cartilage Elastic Cartilage o Rare found in ear and epiglottis o Able to withstand repeated bending o Mostly elastic fibers but some collagen Fibrocartilage o Cartilage in vertebral discs meniscus and pubic symphysis o Higher concentration of collagen fibers no elastic o Resists tension and cushions vertebral discs Bone Bone An Overview Connective tissue osteocytes collagen fibers and hard calcified matrix Other connective tissue endosteum periosteum Epithelial tissue blood vessels Nervous tissue Bone is an organ because it is make up of multiple types of tissues Bone Function Support framework and support for soft tissue Movement works with muscles Protection hard covering for brain spinal cord and other organs Mineral reservoir minerals including calcium and phosphates stored in matrix of bone Hemopoiesis houses red bone marrow which produces new red blood cells Endocrine function osteoblasts secrete hormones that help regulate blood sugar levels Classification of Bone Shape o o o o Long bone humerus phalanges Short bone bones in hand wrist Flat bone sternum Irregular bone vertebrae calcaneus Structure of a Long Bone Ephiphysis ends of bone on both the proximal and distal end o Contains spongy bone which contains red bone marrow o Epiphyseal plate growth plate site of active growth in long bone cartilage in kids o Epiphyseal line ossified growth plate form when growth is complete bone in adults Diaphysis shaft of bone o Contains compact bone Cells are packed tightly together o Medullary cavity contains yellow bone marrow Yellow bone marrow contains adipocytes fatty cells Figure6 4 Thestructureof alongbone humerus Spongybone Proximal epiphysis Contains red bone marrow Compact bone Medullary cavity Diaphysis Yellow bonemarrow Adipocytes fat cells Distal epiphysis Endosteum Dense CT Osteogenic Osteoblasts osteoclasts Yellow bonemarrow Compact bone