SynthesisAbstractIn this lab, Three different dyes were synthesized and two different polymers werealso synthesized by condensation and diazotization reactions. The three Dyes were methyl Red, Fluorescein, and phenolphthalein. The two polymers were synthesized from different types of reactions, and these polymers were Nylon and Slime. IntroductionThe main goal of this lab is to understand and to perform synthesis of dyes and polymers. From this, in the lab phenolphthalein, fluorescein, methyl red, nylon and slime will be created in this lab. The polymers will be created from pre-existing solutions, and mixing it with other solutions. The dyes will be created simply by mixing different reagents together shown in the table of reagents, and then heating or cooling them in the fume hoods. The use of strong acid and base is present so extra care should be taken in this lab. Dyes are Substances that are used to change the color of something to it’s color. This is used in many different areas such as the dying of clothes or pretty much anything that has color. The different Dyes that were synthesized were phenolphthalein which was a condensation reaction. A condensation reaction is when two small molecules combine to make a large molecule with a smaller molecule lost. Methyl Red was also synthesized and was diazotization reaction. In a diazotization reaction, an amine is converted into a diazo compound. The last dye that was created was created was Fluorescein. Fluorescein is a condensation reaction or a dehydration reaction. Phenolphthalein is used as an acid base indicator, Fluorescein is used as a leak detectant and Methyl Red is also an acid baseindicator. A polymer is a very large molecule also known as a macromolecule that is built ofmany small monomers1. They can be made from the same monomers or different monomers. A homopolymer is one that has the same monomer as in –A-A-A-A-A-A. Thevarying polymer, copolymers can be formed -A-B-A-B-A-B-. The reactivity of polymers depends on the bonds or non-carbon atoms in an organic structure. These reactivity sites are called “handles” on the molecule. In many polymerization this does not happen for the fact that two molecules with double bonds react to form the polymer. The natural world provides examples of polymers such as silk starch and cellulose. Also manmade polymers are also very important in industry and will be discussed. The one problem withthese polymers is disposability. Plastic does not decompose as well as natural productstherefore there are many issues that arise. Another important concept is cross-linked polymers. Crossed linked polymers are bonds that connect polymers to each other creating large strands of polymers such as nylon. In the science world, polymers have been very important, and still are. Some obvious examples of polymers in the real world are things like PVC pipes or nylon, but there are many more complex uses in science. There are very many different types of synthesis that can be used to created a countless number of polymers. For example, the use of sunlight to generate hyper branched polymers is used. This concept was discoveredand is cheap and efficient. In this monomers grow into macromolecules2. Also different types of latex are synthesized. New more stable latexes can be formed as shown through research in Romania3. Finally another way to synthesize polymers that has been discovered, is by microwave assisted polymers. This was is a vastly growing area in the field of science and used frequently because of the energy of heat produced. This new technique has increased the use of microwave irradiation and non-thermal effects.Materials and MethodsThe Procedure was not deviated from at all. The exact procedure can be seen in the lab manual1. There was a slight deviation in the synthesization of slime. Instead of 50mL of PVA, 100 mL of PVA was obtained, and instead of 10mL of borax, 20 mL of borax was obtained. This created more slime than was called for. Also, a certain teaching assistant told me he would pay me five dollars to throw slime in my TA’s face. Other than creating much more slime than called for, there were no deviations. The Fluorescein created was added to the PVA solution to color the slime, and because of this the slime turned green. For phenolphthalein the amount of everything did not differ for the lab manual. 17mL of .1 M NaOH was added to turn the solution clear, then 1 mL of 5M NaOH was added and it turned pink. For fluorescein, nothing was deviated from the manual, 20 mL of NaOH was used for excess to turn the solution green. For Methyl red nothing was deviated fromthe lab manual. ResultsPhenolphthalein What happened Observation.03g phenol + .03 g phthalic anhydride white powder mixed with white chunks10 drops of H2SO4 (clear) added Turned pinkishHeated in hoods over Bunsen burner Turned orange17 mL of .1 M NaOH (clear) added Turned clear1 mL of 5 M NaOH (clear) added Turned pinkFluorescein What happened Observation.02g resorcinol added to .02g phthalic anhydride White powder mixed with white chunks10 drops of concentrated H2SO4 Turned greenHeated in hoods over a Bunsen burner Orange solid in green solution20 mL of .1 M NaOH added Turned Yellow1 mL of solution was added to excess NaOH Turned greenish yellowMethyl RedWhat Happened Observation.05g anthanilic acid added to 20 mL .5M HCl, cooled to 5ºC in ice bathPinkish solid, crystal texture.08g NaNO2 added to 10 mL dH2O Solid is white Added dropwise to to anthranic solution Solution turned slightly orange3 drops of N,N-dimethylanime added Turned red-orangeNaOH added to solution Solution turned yellowSlimeWhat happened ObservationPVA solution obtained, borax obtained Both clear, PVA viscous Fluorescein added to PVA Turned greenBorax and PVA added together Turned to green slimeNylonWhat Happened Observations20 mL of basic hexane diamine obtained Yellowish20mL sebacyl chloride obtained ClearSebacyl chloride slowly layered on top Started to turn less clearNylon removed from beaker with calipers Nylon is white and wetShined UV light onto it Glows a littleDiscussionThe purpose of this lab was to synthesize different types of dyes and polymers and to understand the reactions that took place. The three dyes that were synthesized werephenolphthalein, fluorescein, and methyl red. They were all synthesized by putting a small amount of different solids in a flask, then adding a concentrated acid, then either heated or cooled.