4/17 Biological Anthropology- Dmanisi-small brains-not expected- Homo erectus/ergaster- A lot of variation w/in this group- 1.8 MYA- edentulous-no teeth; 1 individual in the group- social care?- Had stone tools to compensate- Africa and Asia- Asian site- Chinese sites- Zhoukoudian cave (Peking Man)- Chenjiawo- Java- Trinil- Sangiran- Ngadong- Africa- Kenya, Tanzania, Morocco, Algeria, Italy?, Spain?- Swartkrans, Lake Turkana, Olduvai Gorge, Sale and Rabat- Thought use of fire but tested to be bat poop and natural fires- Cranial traits of Homo erectus- Low forehead, nuchal crest, thick cranial bones (high activity levels), sagittal ridge, broad base of skull, large posterior teeth, strong browridge, lacks a chin- Suggest that Asia specis are so different that African and possibly new species- African has thin cranial bone compared to thickness of Asian- Later of Homo erectus in Africa- Huge orbit torus(brows)- Hominins and stone tools- Early Homo-Olduwan- Homo erectus/ergaster-Acheulean- Neadertals and other ‘archaic’ homo sapiens- Mousterian- Upper Paleolithic/Late stone age-Homo sapien sapiens- Acheulean- Bifacial teardrop shape- First evidence of shelters?- First evidence of successful hunting- 1 MYA present - large range of shapes- determine handedness? Right or left?- Tools on landscape until 500,000 YA?- Use of handaxe and bifaces - Increased use of meat in diet- Greater use of underground foods- Africa-mostly handaxe sites- European-mix of handaxe and non handaxe sites- Asia-not really any handaxes found, use of bamboo?, stone is difficult to find here- Movius line-above it nonacheulian sites, below it handaxe sites- Evidence for fire-argued for E African site, Chesowanja at 1.3 MYA, fire doesn’t develop until around 500,000YA and much later possibly 700,000 YA(Israeli cave site)- Preneandertal forms in Europe- Atapuerca, Spain 250-300 KYA- Cueva Mayor- Gran Dolina 850 KYA? 400 KYA? - Ore neandertal in Europe- H. antecessor- H. heidelbergensis- 80 bone fragments, 5-6 individuals- cannibalism? Based on cuts marks of radius- Sima de lost Huesos 350 KYA- 5,500 commingled bone fragments- 24-80? Individuals- cave system, huge shaft- where dropped individuals down once dead- H. heidelbergensis- Of all aages- AT5-pathological lesions - Abscessed teeth- Teeth lost before death as well as after- Affected maxillary