4/15 Biological Anthropology- Were big molars and teeth for a peak loading (short time of food feeding) or habitual loading (continuous feeding year around)?- Raymond Darto Id’ed Australopithecineso Taung Childo Immature specimen b/c 1st premolars are just beginning to erupto Brain size 400-450cco Biped, evident from brain stemo Early human ancestor?o Australopithecus africanuso 2-3 MYA- Killer ape theoryo Osteodontokeratic cultureo Human aggression is epitome of humannesso Australopithecus was hunter and murdererso Cave sites were living siteso Remains found at these sites were food and weapons of Australopithecus- The hunters or the hunted?o Weren’t hunters, they were picked off by predatorso CK Brain showed skeletal remains in caves were the hardest and meaty parts weren’t found suggesting another animal ate the meaty parts- The dietary hypothesiso Balanced dentition of graciles suggests great omnivoryo Tiny anterior and huge posterior teeth, sagittal crest and large brow ridges- 2.5 mya evidence of first Homoo Homo habilis-real? Garbage taxon?o Remains found that don’t match Australopithecus or Homor erectuso 2.5 mya a lot of species on the same landscapeo East and South African siteso 700cc; 4-5 ft tall, 70-115 pounds- single species hypothesis-can only have 1 species on the landscape at the same time but this theory is not true- walking around w/ other species and competition was probably evident- 2.5 mya 1st stone tools, Olduwan toolso simple unificial choppers made of basalt or quartzite- ancestor of Homo erectus next member of lineage - KNM ER 1470o East Turkanao Homo habilis, 700cc and flat faceo Early stone toolso Evidence of small, projecting noses-use for thermoregulation- A. affarensis-stem hominid species and ancestor of A. africanus- Africanus common ancestor of 2 lineageso Robust australopithecines o Homo lineage- Robust extinct 1 mya- Afarensis is stem species and all others are debated w/in the phylogenetic schemes- Homo ergaster/ African erectus- Follow habiliso 1st human ancestor to leave Africa into Europe, Asia and temperate climate zoneso use of fire evidento big game hunters?o Bifacial tool kit-Acheulian tool complex- Homo erectus 1.8 mya in East Africa, South, Asia and SE Asiao Increase in brain size and body sizeo Unique craniumo Ancestor of archaic Homo sapiens o Java-Eugene Dubois at Trinil in 1887o China- Choukoutien; 1920s and 1930s; cave siteo East Africa-Olduvai Gorgeo South Africa-Robert Broom at Swartkrans- WT-15000, 1.6 mya juvenile, West Turkana 1984o Homo erectus or Homo ergastero 900cc and 6ft tallo tropical body type, narrow iliac blades, long lower limbso projecting nose?o High activities level and need for thermoregulationo Evidence for endurance running?o Nuchal ligamento Short forearm, long legs, narrow pelvis, plantar arc, large butt, short toes, long Achille’s tendono All used for head stabilization, rotation of trunk, trunk stabilization, shock absorption, energy storage, foot stability- A afarensis-walker and tree climbero Wide chest, high narrow shoulders, wide hips- Why to run?o To hunt?- Changes in gut morphologyo Chimps and gorillas have larger long intestineso Humans have smaller large intestineso Human small intestine large, increase in sizeo Both are metabolically expensive tissues- Carnivore guildo Other predators competing and Homo enters into the competitiono Stone tools allowed the high process of food to become accessible- Once they got these adaptations they left Africa- Higher quality food, small gut and larger brain- Dmanisi, Republic of Georgiao Homo ergaster erectus georgicus 1.8 myao 1st evidnce of