Biological Anthropology 3/27- Environmental niche-an area that a species created that they live in- Haplorhineso Reduction of the rhinarium (nose)o Spatulate incisors (broad incisors)o Simple uteruso Enclosed orbit, plateo No tapetum lucidum (reflective film)- High VS lower primateso Streplorhine Post orbit bar Long snouto Haplorhines Post orbit bar and plate Short snout- Anthropoids o Tarsiers, new world, old world, hominoidso Shift to habitual diurnal lifestyleo Greater emphasis on visual VS olfactory communicationo Larger brains relative to overall body size- Tarsierso 5 specieso Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippineso Fixed eyes, head turns 180 degrees (convergent w/ owls)o Controversial taxonomy- New world monkeyso North and south America, mexico, central Americao 3 premolarso round, laterally oriented nostrilso weight 0.1 KG-10 KG- Platyrrhine traitso 2133,2132 similar to strepsirhines o often have prehensile tailo scent markingso nostrils widely spaced and laterally facing- lemurformes, Lorisiformes, Tarsiformes in infraorder for Prosimmians (suborder of Primates)- Callitrichidae (Marmosets and Tamarins)o Small body sizeo Clawso 2 molarso 80% twin births- Platyrrhines (New and Old World Monkeys)o Brachyteles arachnoides-spider monkeyo Howler monkeyso Golden lion tamarinso Capuchin monkeys - Cercopithecoideao One family: Cercopithecidaeo 2 subfamilies of Old World monkeys Cercopithecinae are cheek pouched monkeys Colobinae are leaf eating monkeys Both subfamilies are found in Asia and Africa - Cercopithecoids includeo Cercopithecinae (baboons, vervets and macaques, 71 species)o Colobinae (Colobine and langurs, 58 species)- Old World Monkeyso Africa, Asia, Europeo Narrow downward facing nostrils close togethero Bilophodont molars that are specialized for grinding o Callused pads on butt- Cercopithecines as a group all have cheek pouches to store food- Colobines who share a specialized stomach morphology allowing for digestion of ripe fruit and seedso Live in large groups- Papio- Guenons-West Africa- Hominoidea (Apes and Humans)o Previously 3 families of hominoids o Hylobatidae Lesser apes of SE Asia (gibbons and siamangso Pongidae-great apes of Asia (orangs) Great apes of Africa (chimps, bonobos, and gorillas)o Hominidae Humans and their ancestors- Apeso Africa and Asiao No tails o Larger brain compared to body sizeo Upper body characteristics for suspensory locomotion (Ape bars)o Orangutan and chimp similar in sizeo Gorilla and human similar in sizeo Intermembral indexo Length of upper limb divided by length of lower limb multiplied by 100o Higher than 1 then they participate in a lot of suspensory behaviors- Orangutans o Borneo orang 54,000 lefto Sumatran orang 6,600 lefto Appear to have diverged 400000 years agoo Highly sexually dimorphic- Gorilla gorilla o Lowland gorilla o 95,000 in wild, live in groups of 2-20 individuals o most common in Africa- Gorilla beringeio Mountain gorillasLowland gorillas o Eat more fruit, are more arborealo Form temporary subgroupso Longer daily travel distances o Eat herbaceous vegetation- Pan –genuso 2 species  Bonobos (Paniscus) Chimps ( Pan troglodytes)o A number of subspecies o Bonobos  Central Africa  Heavily killed o Chimps  In common they are Diurnal Form subgroups (fission-fusion or social organization) Female migration/male migration Philopatry-natal group; the males or females stay in the groupsthey were born in Day :half arboreal/half terrestrial Night: arboreal Food