Exam Three Learning Objectives: Lower Limb & ANSLower Limb Bones- Know the similarities and differences between the upper and lower limbs.o Similarities Girdle # of bones Phalanges (DIP, PIP) Small bones of hands and food Ball and socket joint Muscles in leg act on ankles/toes Compartmentso Differences Large muscles in LL Large bony features in LL Weight bearing bones in LL Position of great toe (hallux) and thumb (pollex) Actions of muscles in arm vs. thigh Dorsum of hand vs. dorsum of foot- Be prepared to identify every bony structure/landmark mentioned in your course pack on a figure (For the tarsals, know the names of all 7, but you only need to be able ID the talus, calcaneus, and medial cuneiform on a figure)o Pelvic girdle: right and left hip bones Provides support and protection of abdominal and pelvic viscera; forms the bony pelvis with the sacrum and coccyx Bony pelvis = R hip bone, L hip bone, sacrum, and coccyx Specialized for weight-bearing and stability during locomotion; attaches lower limb to axial skeleton Provides attachment for many muscles Articulations of the pelvic girdle- Sacroiliac: between ilium and sacrumo An atypical synovial joint in that it has very limited mobility (amphiarthrodial); specialized for stability- Pubic symphysis: between R and L hip boneso Very limited mobility; cartilaginous joint symphysis- Hip (femoro-acetabular jt): between hip bone and head of femuro Allows movement (diarthrodial)o Synovial joint, ball and socketo Hip bone: aka ox coxae) Consists of 3 bones that fuse together by late teens- Ilium: most superior and largesto Iliac crest: Palpable “hands on hips” Muscle attachmento Iliac fossa Depression on medial surface Iliacus m. attaches hereo Iliac spines Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)- Palpable- Inguinal lig. And anterior thigh muscle. Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)- Anterior thigh muscle) Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)- Dimple Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS)o Auricular surface Ear-shaped; posterior and medial Articulates w/ sacrum o Greater sciatic notch Posterior margin of ilium Between PIIS and ischial spineo Gluteal lines Anterior gluteal line Inferior gluteal line Gluteal mm. attach here- Ischium: superior-inferior portion o Ischial spine Not externally palpable Limits pelvic outlet dimensiono Ischial tuberosity Palpable Hamstring muscleo Lesser sciatic notch Inferior to ischial spineo Ischial ramus- Pubis: anterior medial portiono Superior pubic ramus Bar of bone: projects to fuse with iliumo Pubic tubercle Palpable Attachment of inguinal ligamento Inferior pubic ramus Adductor mm. attach Ischiopubic ramuso Symphyseal surface Joint surface Faces medially Other features of the hip bone- Obturator forameno Large openingo Pubis and ischiumo Obturator nerve- Acetabulumo Hip socketo Faces laterallyo Head of femur articulateso 3 bones fuse- Sub-pubic
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