Cardiovascular SystemHeart-Medical Morphemes that NEED TO KNOWo Angio-: vessel (could be blood or lymph)o Brady-: slownesso Endo-: withino Epi-: above, surroundingo Myo-: muscleo Peri-: surrounding or aroundo Tachy-: fast or rapido Cardio-: hearto Hem-/hemato-: relating to bloodo Leuko-: Whiteo –Cardia: Hearto –Gram/-Graph: A drawing, writing, or record - Components of the Cardiovascular systemo CVS = Blood (fluid) + heart (pump) + Vasculature (tubing)o Blood = plasma + formed elements o Formed elements = RBC + WBC + platelets - Know where and how the heart is located in the chest and its relationship to the lungso The heart is located within the middle mediastinum of the thoracic cavity; It is mostlyposterior and left of sternum; It is vertically situated roughly between 2nd intercostal space and 5th intercostal space.o The Apex of the heart (point at bottom left of heart) points ANTERIORLY, INFERIOR, andLEFT. It is composted mostly of the Left Ventricle and you can feel your Apical heartbeat.o The base of the heart which are composed of LEFT atrium (including veins on posterior side). Points POSTERIOR, SUPERIOR, and RIGHT.o The heart is skewed to the left, oblique in orientation, and rotated to the left (counterclockwise). - Describe the pericardial sac structure and function; what is the pericardial space located between? o The pericardial sac consists of 2 layers, an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer. Fibrous layer = OUTERMOST layer whichacts to minimize over-filling of the heart due to excessive venous return and anchors heart within chest to superior diaphragm and posterior sternum. Serous layer = Consists of Parietal and Visceral layer. The parietal layer is the innermost layer of FIBROUS pericardium(inseparable from fibrous pericardium) while the visceral layer is the outermost layer of the heart (surrounds the organ itself.) Pericardial cavity = A space between theparietal and visceral layers of serous layerwhich consists of a thin film of pericardialfluid so that layers can slip past each other. - Describe the borders and surface of the heart such as, but not limited to, base of heart, apex of heart, and diaphragmatic. o Sternocostal surface It is on the anterior surface, faces the anterior chest wall, and composed of primarily of RIGHT ventricleo Diaphragmatic surface It is on the inferior surface, rests on the diaphragm, and composed of both R and Lventricles.o Left Pulmonary surface It is on the left surface, nestled against theleft lung, and composed primarily of LEFTventricle. o Right Pulmonary Surface It is on the right surface, nestled against the right lung, and composed of mostly RIGHT atrium. - Describe the features of the ‘cardiac shadow’ seen in a frontal chest x-ray. o On the right side of the x-ray you can see the Right Atrium (with a little of the R Ventricle)o On the Left side of the x-ray you can see the Left ventricleo On the Inferior side of the x-ray you can see the R Ventricle- Describe the structure and functions of the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. o Epicardium: It is also known as the visceral serous pericardium which is the outermost layer of the heart wall. It contains a variable amount of fat. It overlies the cardiac vessels o Myocardium: It is the middle layer of the heart wall. It is composed of mostly cardiac muscle. It is thickest in the ventricles and thinnest in the atria. ESPECIALLY in the left ventricle. o Endocardium: It is the inner layer of the heartwall. It is a type of epithelial tissues known as endothelium. It lines the chambers of the heart and is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels that enter/exit the heart. - Why is the LV wall thicker than the RV wall?o To generate higher pressures to push blood through systemic circuit. - Describe the spatial sequence in which the myocardium becomes excited and contracts starting at the SA node. Which part of the heart is the last to become excited and contract?o The SA node is the pacemaker of the heart. It is located I the upper wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the SVC. The atria are excited and contract. The AV node is excited next and located in the lower part of the inter atrial septum near the opening of the right tricuspid valve. The AV bundle is located inthe inter ventricular upper part of the septum. It is the only rout by which an electrical impulse can travel from the atria to the ventricles. The AV bundle splits to form the right and left bundle branches, which are located in the lower part of the interventricular septum. They carry the electrical signal to the right and lect ventricles.The right and left branches ramify within the walls of the ventricles to form the terminal branches of the conducting system, called the Purkinje fibers. The interventricular septum isexcited and contracts just before the ventricular walls are excited and contract- Describe the surface locations on the thoracic wall toauscultate each heart valveo Ausculation: the act of listening to body sounds, usually with a stethoscope. o You can hear blood flowing into the aortic valve in the right 2nd intercostal space near the sternumo You can hear the blood flowing into the Pulmonary valve in the left 2nd intercostal space near sternumo You can hear the blood flowing into the Tricuspid Valve in the left 4th or 5th intercostal space near sternumo You can hear the blood flowing into the Mitral Valve in the left 5th intercostal space in the mid-clavicular plane- Be able to trace a drop of blood starting in either theSVC or IVC and ending in the ascending aorta and describe all the structures you would “see” along thisjourney. (Anatomical features of each chamber and features of the valves). o Blood will flow into the Right Atrium from the IVC, SVC, and coronary sinus. The Right Atrium has Pectinate musculature which are ridges on the inner wall of the atria--auricles only. It will then pass through the interatrial septum which is between the RA and LA (Fossa Ovalis). o The blood will pass into the Right Ventricle. The Right Ventricle has ridges on the cardiac muscle called Trabeculae Carnae. There are 3 cusps (on the tricuspid valves), papillary muscles attached to Chordae Tendinea, fibrous cords that attach to the AV valves to the papillary muscle. It will then pass through the Pulmonary semilunar valve (between the RV and pulmonary trunk/interventricular septum).o The blood passes
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