Introductory Topics in AnatomyAnatomical Positiono The body stands erect with eyes facing forward. The upper limbs and hands are to the side with the palms facing forward (they are supinated). The fingers are extended anteriorly and the thumbs are the most lateral digits. Feet are flat with toes pointed forward.3 Standard Anatomical Planeso Sagittal Planeo Any plane that divides the body into left and right portions (always parallel to long axis of body)o Midsagittal: divides into equal L and R halveso Parasagittal: divides into unequal L and R halveso Frontal Plane (Coronal plane)o Any plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions; it is always parallel to long axis of body; it is used in context of discussing the cephalic regiono Horizontal Plane (Transverse or aka. Cross-sectional plane)o Any plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions; this plane is always parallel to horizono Oblique planeo Any plane that is not parallel to any standard anatomical plane Abdominal Quadrantso 4 Abdominal Quadrantso Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)o Left Upper Qudrant (LUQ)o Transumbilical Plane divides horizontallyo Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)o Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)o Median Plane divides verticallyo 9 Abdominopelvic Body Regionso Do not need to know for this exam but know that R&L midclavicular (parasagittal planes) divide vertically and Subcostal Plane passes through inferior margin of 10th rib horizontally and Supracristal plane passes through highest point of iliac crests on pelvis horizontally.Ventral and Dorsal Cavitieso Body cavities are confined spaces within the body whose function is to cushion, protect and permit changes in the shape, volume, or position of internal (visceral) organs. o Ventral Aka. Coelom Larger than the dorsal cavity; contains the viscera. All subdivisions of the ventral Cavity are lined by serous membranes- A) Thoractic Cavity: found in the chest, bounded by the chest wall and inferiorly by the diaphragmo 1. Mediastinum: contains pericardial cavity which surrounds the heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels; PericardiumSerous Membrane surroundso 2. Right Pleural Cavity: surrounds the right lung; Pleura Serous Membrane surroundso 3. Left Pleural Cavity: surrounds left lung; Pleura Serous Membrane surrounds- B) Abdominopelvic Cavity: contains the peritoneal sac and two cavitieso 1. Abdominal Cavity: most of the digestive tract, kidneys, and pancreaso 2. Pelvic Cavity: bladder, reproductive organs andrectumo Dorsal Protects the CND- A) Cranial Cavity: contains brain, meninges and CSF- B) Spinal Cavity: contains spinal cord, meninges, and CSFTrunk Body Wall Layerso This is the order from Superficial to Deepo 1. Skin (aka cutaneous membrane = epidermis and dermis) Permanent tattoos are injected into dermis Epidermis is continually sloughed offo 2. Superficial fascia (aka hypodermis or subcutaneous tissues) Thicker in females than maleso 3. Deep investing Fascia of skeletal muscles tissues Ensheathes all surfaces and sides of skeletal muscleso 4. Internal Fascia (aka subserosa fascia)o 5. Parietal Layer of serous membrane Secrets a slipper serous fluid Found in ventral body cavities o 6. Water thing spaceo 7. OrgansTissues, Membranes, and Integument SSMKnow the 4 basic tissue types and their basic functionso Epithelial tissueo Provide physical protection, selective permeability, secretions, and sensationso Covers the surface of the body and inside of organs and body cavities; many internal organs have a layer of epithelial tissue on both their inner and outer surfaceso Closely packed cells and has very little extracellular matrico The apical surface is the top surfaceo The basal surface is the bottom surface—attached to subjacent layer of CTo The basement membranes is between epithelial cells and CT It provides support, “gluing” and acts as a barriero Avascularo High regeneration capacityo Innervationo Connective Tissueso Include fat, fascia, blood, bone, cartilage, tendons and ligamentso It is in the spleen, lymph nodes and livero Provides physical protection, structural framework, “gluing”, energy and mineral storage, transport of substances, and immunityo Muscleo Composed of cells that are specialized to shorteno Produce voluntary action of skeletal system, pumping of blood, and propelling of food 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smootho Neuralo Composed of neurons or nerve cells and glial/neuroglial cellso Located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves in bodyKnow the 4 membrane types and their basic functions Mucouso Line the passageways in body that communicate with external environment. o Examples include respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tractso Kept moist by layer of mucous secretions Serouso Line subdivisions of ventral body cavities (Pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal) and outer surface of organs in cavitieso Produce a transudate called serous fluid which creates a moist environmento Reduces friction between parietal and visceral surfaces Synovialo Lines highly mobile jointso Produce synovial fluid, a slippery water fluido Shock absorption, friction reduction, nourishment of cartilage cells Cutaneous membraneo In the skin Epidermis Composed of stratified squamous epithelium Stratum Corneum ( most superficial layer), Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum and Stratum Germinativum (deepest layer) are the 5 layers of the epidermis.Dermis Deep to the epidermis and composed of two layers of connective tissue First layer is Papillary Layer and is composed of areolar tissue Second layer is Reticular Layer Has a rich capillary network of blood vessels – very vascular Hypodermis Below the skin (is not actual skin) Composed of areolar and fat cells. It is generally thicker in women It connects the dermis to deep fascia Contains a cutaneous plexus of blood vessels Hair follicles and sweat glands protrude into this layer Skeletal System OverviewCharacteristics, Properties, and Functions of Boneso Characteristicso 70% of bone is inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals 98% of total body’s Ca 2/3 of bone weighto 30% bone is organic osteoid: newly formed organic bone matrix prior to calcification; 90% is collagen—very flexible cells of mature bones: account for only 3% weight of bone tissues- 1. Osteocytes: mature bone cells; are osteoblasts that become trapped in osteoid; reside
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