20 Thank you to everyone who helped to fill this in today! Hope it was a helpful resource for everyone to study from, good luck on the exam! :) WRITE ALL ANSWERS IN THE COLOR RED!!!!!!!! This document is meant to guide your study toward the larger concepts in the course. By studying and knowing these topics you will be prepared for the review component of the finalexam. Each question on the review part of the final exam will come from the topics listed below. Introductory topics in anatomy: be familiar with the basic terminology of anatomy, including anatomical position, anatomical directions, planes, and body regions.-figures: body regions Skeletal System / Joints Overview: Know the two types of bone growth: 1. Endochondral Ossification- bones erupt from cartilage; formation of long bones; bone growth is complete when each epiphyseal plate has ossified and the epiphyseal line has formed. 12. Intramembranous Ossification- bones erupt from membrane/ fibrous tissue (cartilage is not present); forms many bones in the skull Bone classification categories: -Long: longer than they are wide (humerus) -Flat: spongy bone sandwiched b/t 2 layers of cortical bone (Sternum and frontal)-Short: boxlike (carpal of wrist, tarsal bone of foot)-Irregular: (Vertebra)-Wormian/Sutural: Lie b/w the cranial sutures (found around the lambdoid suture of the skull) -Sesamoid: Bones that develop w/in a muscular tendon (Patella)Functional classification of joints:-Functional Classification is based on the degree of mobility of the joint. 1. Synarthrodial Joint: No mobility, very stable and strong; Bones are held close to one another; space filled by cartilage or fibrous CT. (Cranial sutures and a joint b/t the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone) 2. Amphiarthrodial Joint: Limited mobility. (Pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc joints) 3. Diarthrodial Joint: Highly mobile. (All major joints- Shoulder, elbow, wrist, knee, ankle) Axial Bones/Joints/Muscles: know the skull bones and features, features of typical vertebrae, characteristics of cervical, lumbar and thoracic vertebrae, articulations of the skull and vertebrae, and actions of the intrinsic back mm.-figures: anterior skull, superior internal skull, typical vertebra, and intrinsic back mm.Skull bones: -8 bones of the Cranium: Features1. Frontal: Supraorbital foramen, superciliary arches 2. Parietal (2): Sup. and inf. temporal lines, parietal eminence, parietal foramen 3. Occipital: Foramen magnum, jugular foramen, occipital condyles, hypoglossal canal, sup. and inf. nuchal lines, external occipital protuberance, basilar part4. Temporal (2): Squamous portion, zygomatic process, mandibular fossa, external auditory meatus, mastoid process, styloid process, internal auditory meatus25. Sphenoid: Greater and lesser wings, sella turcica, sup. orbital fissure, optic canal, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, lat. and med. pterygoid plates6. Ethmoid: Cribriform plate, crista galli, sup. and middle nasal conchae, nasal septum(perpendicular plate)-Other bones of skull (facial bones): Features1. Vomer2. Palatine (2)3. Lacrimal (2)4. Nasal (2)5. Zygomatic (2): Zygomatic arch6. Maxilla (2): Infraorbital foramen7. Mandible: Body, ramus, mandibular condyle, coronoid process, mandibular foramen, mental foramen, alveolar process8. Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)9. Hyoid Vertebrae: Features-Typical Vertebrae- 1. Body: for weight bearing 2. Vertebral Arch: Pedicle- attaches to the body; Lamina- R+L fuse at midline3. Spinous Process: Unpaired4. Transverse Process: Paired5. Superior Articulating Process and Facet: facet= the opening for the spinal cord6. Inferior Articulating Process and Facet: project inferiorly7. Vertebral Foramen8. Vertebral canal9. Intervertebral foramen-Cervical Vertebrae-1. Bodies are small and cup shaped, large vertebral foramen, have transverse foramina. 2. Atypical cervical vertebrae: -C1 (Atlas): no body or spinous process, forms the atlanto-occipital joint with the skull (knock or rock your head) -C2 (Axis): forms the median atlanto-axial joint (shake head no)-has dens-C7 (Vertebral Prominens) 3-Thoracic Vertebrae-1. Have larger heart shaped bodies, have facets and the transverse processes2. Resembles a giraffe from lat, view-Lumbar Vertebra-1. Have large kidney bean shaped bodies2. Resembles a moose from lat. viewLABELED VERTEBRAE: http://district.bluegrass.kctcs.edu/rmccane0001/shared_files/bio137website/BIO137/137Lab6/Lab6VertebraeLabel.htmlIntrinsic back muscles-3 layers: superficial, intermediate and deep1. Superficial: Splenius (Bilateral contraction, unilateral contraction)2. Intermediate: Erector Spinae (Spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis) (bilateral contraction,unilateral contraction)3. Deep: Transversospinalis ( Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores) (bilateral contraction, unilateral contraction, stabilization)4p 18 5Nervous system: know the differences between CNS vs. PNS, know the different regions of the brain and their anatomy and functions, as well as the anatomy of the cross-section of the spinal cord and spinal nerve. For the cranial nerves, know the names and numbers, and focus on theirfunctions.-figures: lateral brain and cross-section of spinal cord and spinal nerve1. CNS processes incoming information (sensory) and initiates a response (motor): Brain and spinal cord. Tracts2. PNS motor neurons produce an action in response to environmental stimuli-2 types a. Somatic motor → skeletal muscle (voluntary) b. Visceral motor neurons→ cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands (ANS, non-voluntary)NervesCranial Nerves: <3 love your guts, who ever did this partCN I: Olfactory: Smell GSACN II: Optic: Sight GSACN III: Oculomotor: Eye movements; Parasympathetic (intrinsic eye muscles for pupil constriction & lens shape) GSE, GVECN IV: Trochlear: Eye movements GSECN V: Trigeminal: CN V1(Ophthalmic)- sensory upper face GSA, CN V2(Maxillary)- sensory mid-face GSA, CN V3(Mandibular)- sensory lower face, motor to muscles of mastication GSA and GSECN VI: Abducens: Eye movements GSECN VII: Facial: motor to muscles of facial expression, sensory taste ant. of tongue ⅔GSA, GVE, GSE CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear: Equilibrium and hearing GSACN IX: Glossopharyngeal: sensory pharynx and post. of tongue, taste post. of ⅓ ⅓tongue, GVA chemo and broareceptors All (GSA, GSE, GVA, GVE)CN X: Vagus: sensory palate and larynx, motor palate, pharynx and larynx mm; GVA from organs ALL (GSA, GSE,
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