PowerPoint PresentationAbout This ChapterFigure 16.1a (1 of 2)Table 16.1 Functions of Plasma ProteinsFigure 16.1b (2 of 2)Cellular ElementsTable 16.2 Cytokines Involved in HematopoiesisHematopoiesisFigure 16.3Figure 16.8Figure 16.9Figure 16.10Figure 16.11a (1 of 2)© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.BloodChapter 16About This Chapter•Plasma and the cellular elements of blood•Blood cell production•Red blood cells•Platelets and coagulation© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 16.1a (1 of 2)WaterIonsTrace elementsand vitaminsOrganicmoleculessuch asGasesiscomposedofAmino acidsProteinsGlucoseLipidsNitrogenouswasteFibrinogenGlobulinsAlbuminsCO2O2PlasmaBLOODsuch asTable 16.1 Functions of Plasma ProteinsFigure 16.1b (2 of 2)iscomposedofBLOODRed bloodcellsLymphocytesMonocytesNeutrophilsEosinophilsBasophils0PlateletsWhiteblood cellsincludeCellularelements51015mCellular Elements•Three main cellular elements –Red blood cells – also called erythrocytes– Platelets – split off from megakaryocytes– White blood cells – also called leukocytes–Lymphocytes – also called immunocytes– Monocytes – develop into macrophages; known as phagocytes– Neutrophils – known as phagocytes and granulocytes– Eosinophils – also called granulocytes– Basophils – also called granulocytes; tissue basophils are called mast cells © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Table 16.2 Cytokines Involved in HematopoiesisHematopoiesis•Leukopoiesis: production of white blood cells•Erythropoiesis: production of red blood cells–Hematocrit: ratio of red blood cells to plasma, expressed as a percentage© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 16.3This table lists the normal ranges of values.THE BLOOD COUNT<1%whitecellsHematocrit is the percentage of total blood volumethat is occupied by packed (centrifuged) red blood cells.The hemoglobin value reflects the oxygen-carryingcapacity of red blood cells. (*1 deciliter (dL) 100 mL)A machine counts erythrocytes as they streamthrough a beam of light.A total white cell count includes all types ofleukocytes but does not distinguish between them.The differential white cell count presents estimates ofthe relative proportions of the five types of leukocytesin a thin blood smear stained with biological dyes.NeutrophilsEosinophilsBasophilsLymphocytesMonocytes2–8%20–40%<1%1–4%50–70%4–11 1034.5–6.5 103150–450 103Platelet count is suggestive of the blood’s abilityto clot.14–1740–54%37–47%37–47%12–163.9–5.6 1034–11 1032–8%20–40%<1%1–4%50–70%150–450 103HematocritHemoglobin (g Hb/dL* whole blood)Red cell count (cells/L)Total white count (cells/L)Differential white cell countPlatelets (per L)MALES FEMALES58%plasmavolume42%packedred cellvolume100%Figure 16.8HEMOSTASIS AND TISSUE REPAIRVasoconstrictionCollagenexposedDamage towall ofblood vesselPlateletsadhere andreleaseplateletfactorsPlatelets aggregateinto loose plateletplugTemporaryhemostasisClot: reinforcedplatelet plugTissue factorexposedCell growth andtissue repairIntact bloodvessel wallClot dissolvesFibrin slowlydissolved byplasminConvertsfibrinogento fibrinThrombinformationCoagulationcascade(Fig. 16.10)Figure 16.9PLATELET PLUG FORMATIONPlatelets will not adhere to intact endothelium. Damage triggers platelet plug formationwhere collagen has been exposed.Lumen ofblood vesselPreventsplateletadhesionIntact endotheliumreleases prostacyclinand nitric oxide (NO).Smoothmuscle cellsCollagensubendotheliallayerExposed collagenin damaged bloodvessel wallECFExposed collagen bindsand activates platelets.Release of platelet factorsFactors attract more platelets.Platelets aggregate intoplatelet plug.Figure 16.10THE COAGULATION CASCADEInactive plasma proteins (white boxes) are converted into active enzyme in each step of the pathway.INTRINSIC PATHWAY EXTRINSIC PATHWAYDamage exposestissue factor (III)Tissue factor(III) andactive VIIActive XIIActive XIXIXIIIXActive IXXVIIICa2Ca2Ca2phospholipids (PL)COMMON PATHWAYpositive feedbackThrombinActive XCa2,V, PLXIIIActive XIIIFibrinCa2Cross-linked fibrinFibrinogenProthrombinpositive feedbackCollagen or otheractivatorsVIIFigure 16.11a (1 of 2)Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin, and subsequent
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