Study Guide – Chapter 14Answers can be found in slide numbers presented in parentheses1. What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system? (slide 3)a. transport2. Name the components of the cardiovascular system. (slide 4)a. Heartb. Blood vesselsc. Blood3. List in order the vessels and heart chambers a red cell flows through during a complete circuit through the cardiovascular system. (slide 5, slide 19)a. Pulmonary veinb. Left atriumc. Left ventricled. Aortae. Systematic arteriesf. Arteriolesg. Capillariesh. Small veinsi. Large veinsj. Venous return to heartk. Venae cavael. Right atriumm. Right ventriclesn. Lungs via pulmonary artery4. Describe how pressure changes as blood flows through the circulation. Is a pressure gradient (differential) needed to drive blood flow? (slides 6-11)a. If blood vessels dilate, blood pressure decreasesb. If blood vessels constrict, blood pressure increasesc. Needs pressure gradient –higher the pressure, the greater the fluid flow5. How does vascular resistance influence blood flow? (slides 12-15) a. Vasoconstriction is a decrease in blood vessel diameter/radius and decreases blood flowb. Vasodilation is an increase in blood vessel diameter/radius and increases blood flowc. Flow of blood in the cardiovascular system is i. Directly proportional to the pressure gradientii. Inversely proportional to the resistance to flow6. What factors influence vascular resistance and which of these is most important for controlling vascular resistance? (slides 13 and 14)a. Resistance increases as length increasesb. Resistance increases as viscosity increasesc. Resistance decreases as radius increases d. Radius is the most important7. Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation (slide 15)a. Vasoconstriction is a decrease in blood vessel diameter/radius and decreases blood flowb. Vasodilation is an increase in blood vessel diameter/radius and increases blood flow8. If a pressure gradient increases or decreases, how do these changes influence blood flow? (slide 15)a. Directly proportional to the pressure gradient9. If vascular resistance increases or decreases, how do these changes influence blood flow? (slide 15)a. Inversely proportional to the resistance to flow10. How does cross-sectional area influence the velocity of blood flow? (slide 16)a. Faster through the more narrowb. Slower through the wider11. What is the primary function of the heart? (slide 17)a. The heart generates pressure when it contracts (systole) and pumps blood into the arterial circulation12. How do increases or decreases in cardiac output or vascular resistance influence mean arterial pressure? (slide 17)a. Depending on the amount of each, they effect the mean arterial pressure, increase the output or decrease the resistance13. What structures assure one-way flow through the heart? (slides 20-23)a. Semilunar valvesb. Atrioventricular14. What cell types are present in the heart? How do they differ? (slide 24)a. Contractile cellsi. Striated fibersii. Obragized into sarcosmeresb. Autoarhythmic cellsi. Not organized ii. Smaller and fewer than contractileiii. Signal for contraction15. Describe the functions of intercalated disks. (slides 25,26,33) a. Transfer force from cell to cellb. Has gap junctions that allow electrical signals to pass rapidly from cell to cellc. Depolarization of the autoarhythmic cells then spread rapidly to adjacent contractile cells through gap junctions16. Describe excitation-contraction coupling in the heart. (slide 27)a. See quizlet17. Describe the ion movements that are responsible for the phases of the action potential in a cardiac contractile cell and in an autoarhythmic cardiac cell. (slides 29 and 32)a. Contractile celli.18. Why is the long duration of phase 2 in a cardiac contractile cell important? (slides 30 and 31)a. Prevents tetanus19. List the structures that make up the conducting system of the heart and indicate in order how signals arising in the SA node are transmitted throughout the heart through these structures. (slides 33-35)a. AV nodei. Routes the direction of electrical signals so the heart contracts from apex to base ii. Delay is accomplished by slower conductional signals through nodal cellsb. SA nodei. Sets the pace of the heartbeat at 70 bpmii. AV node (50 bpm) and Purkinje fibers (25–40 bpm) can act as pacemakers under some conditions20. Describe what the P wave, P-R segment, QRS complex and T wave represent in terms of electricalactivity occurring in the heart. (slide 37 and 38)a. P wave- atrial depolarizationb. P-R segment- conduction through AV mode and AV bundlec. QRS complex- ventricular depolarizationd. T wave- ventricular repolarization21. Know the events that occur in the cardiac cycle of systole and diastole. (slide 40)a. Late diastole- both sets of chambers are relaxed and ventricles fill passivelyb. Atrial systole- atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into ventricles c. Isovolumic ventricular contraction- first phase of ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed but does not create enough pressure to open semilunar valvesd. Ventricular ejection- as ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejectede. Isovolumic ventricular relaxation- as ventricles relax; pressure in ventricles falls, blood flows back into cusps of semilunar valves and snaps them closed22. What events cause the first heart sound? The second heart sound? (slide 41a. First heart sound: vibrations following closure of the AV valvesb. Second heart sound: vibrations created by closing of semilunar