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Mizzou MPP 3202 - ParrishBlock2StudyGuide

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Block 2 Study Guide Chapter 7: HormonesChapter 7: HormonesSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Chapter 8: Nervous SystemSlide 7Chapter 8: Nervous SystemSlide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Chapter 9: CNSChapter 9: CNSSlide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Chapter 10: Sensory SystemsChapter 10: Sensory SystemsSlide 27Slide 28Slide 29Chapter 10 Sensory OrgansSlide 31Chapter 11: AutonomicSlide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Chapter 12: MuscleChapter 12: MuscleSlide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Chapter 13: HormonesChapter 13: HormonesSlide 46Block 2 Study GuideChapter 7: Hormones•Hypothalamus-Pituitary Hormones•Anterior vs. Posterior•Anterior: an extension of the brain that secretes neurohormones made in the hypothalamus.•Posterior: is a true endocrine gland that secretes six classic hormones. Neurohormones from the hypothalamus control release of the anterior pituitary hormones. The hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary through a specialized region of the circulation called a portal system.•Structure© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 7: Hormones•Hormone processing (prepro and pro)–Preprohormone–Large, inactive precursor–Prohormone–Smaller, inactive–Proteolytic, post-translational modificationChapter 7: Hormones•Hormone structure: amino acidDerived from one of two amino acids–Tryptophan –Tyrosine–Ring structureChapter 7: HormonesHormone structure: steroid•Cholesterol-derived–Lipophilic and easily cross membranes•Bind carrier proteins in blood–Longer half-life•Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors–Genomic effect to activate or repress genes for protein synthesis–Slower acting•Cell membrane receptors–Nongenomic responsesChapter 7: Hormones•Hormone structure: peptidePreprohormone–Large, inactive precursorProhormone–Smaller, inactive–Proteolytic, post-translational modificationPeptide/protein hormones–Bind surface membrane receptors–Cellular response through signal transduction system•Structure of Neuron© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 8: Nervous SystemChapter 8: Nervous SystemAxonal Transport•Slow axonal transport–Moves material by axoplasmic (cytoplasmic) flow at 0.2–2.5 mm/day•Fast axonal transport–Moves organelles at rates of up to 400 mm/day–Forward (or anterograde) transport: from cell body to axon terminal –Backward (or retrograde) transport: from axon terminal to cell bodyChapter 8: Nervous System•Axon transport figureChapter 8: Nervous System•Support Cells- Glial CellsChapter 8: Nervous SystemMembrane Potential•Resting membrane potential determined primarily by–K+ concentration gradient–Cell’s resting permeability to K+, Na+, and Cl–•Gated channels control ion permeability–Mechanically gated–Chemically gated–Voltage-gated•Threshold voltage varies from one channel type to another• Action PotentialChapter 8: Nervous SystemAction Potential •Conduction is the high-speed movement of a action potential along an axon•All-or-noneChapter 8: Nervous SystemAction PotentialChapter 8: Nervous System•Action PotentialChapter 8: Nervous System•Neurotransmitter ReleaseChapter 9: CNS•Brain Structure: Bone & fluid support•Brain is encased in bony skull, or cranium•Spinal cord runs through vertebral column•Meninges lie between bone and tissues to stabilize neural tissue and protect from bruising–Dura mater–Arachnoid membrane–Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid secreted by choroid plexus- dumps sodium out and water follows–Pia mater© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 9: CNSBone structure: blood-brain barrier•Oxygen passes freely across blood–brain barrierChapter 9: CNSBrain structure: brainstem•11 of 12 cranial nerves originate –Cranial nerves can include sensory fibers, efferent fibers, or both (mixed nerves)•Many nuclei are associated with reticular formation•Medulla–Somatosensory and corticospinal tracts –Pyramids•Pons•MidbrainChapter 9: CNS•Brain StemChapter 9: CNSLimbic systemChapter 9: CNSCortex•From a functional viewpoint, it can be divided into three specializations–Sensory areas –Sensory input translated into perception (awareness)–Motor areas–Direct skeletal muscle movement–Association areas–Integrate information from sensory and motor areas–Can direct voluntary behaviorsChapter 9: CNS•CortexChapter 9: CNSSpinal Cord StructureChapter 9: CNSChapter 9: CNSChapter 10: Sensory Systems•Chemoreception: smell and taste© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 10: Sensory Systems•TasteChapter 10: Sensory SystemsHearing/Position•Perception of energy carried by sound waves•Frequency is translated into pitch•Loudness is an interpretation of intensity, a function of wave amplitudeHearing loss•Conductive–No transmission through either external or middle ear•Central–Damage to neural pathway between ear and cerebral cortex or damage to cortex itself•Sensorineural–Damage to structures of inner earChapter 10: Sensory SystemsChapter 10: Sensory SystemsVision•Light enters the eye–Focused on retina by the lens•Photoreceptors transduce light energy into electrical signal •Neural pathways process electrical signals into visual imagesChapter 10 Sensory Organs VisionChapter 10: Sensory Systems•Cell types•Amacrine cell•Horizontal cell•Ganglion cell•Bipolar cell•Neural cells of retina: cone, rod, bipolar, ganglionChapter 11: AutonomicSympathetic•fight-or-flight•actively dominates•increases heart rate•norepinephrine signaling to target tissueParasympathetic•rest-and-digest•Actively dominates•slows rate•Acetylcholine to target tissueChapter 11: AutonomicAdrenal Medulla•Neuroendocrine tissue•Associated with the sympathetic branch•Primary neurohormone is epinephrine–Secreted into the bloodChapter 11: AutonomicNeuromuscular Junction (Somatic)Chapter 11: AutonomicNeuromuscular Junction (Somatic)Chapter 11: Autonomic•Neuromuscular Junction (Somatic)Chapter 12: Muscle•Contrast skeletal, cardiac, smoothSkeletal•Usually attached to bones by tendons•Flexor: brings bones together•Extensor: moves bones away•Striated•Sarcomere structure© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 12: MuscleCardiac and Skeletal muscle•Like skeletal muscle–Striated–Sarcomere structure•Unlike skeletal –Muscle fibers are shorter–May be branchedCardiac and Smooth muscle•Like smooth muscles–Electrically linked to one


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