NRSC 2100 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Introduction to Neuroscience 2100 Campeau Study Guide for last section on Motivation Emotion Brain Development learning and memory Motivation and Emotions What are regulatory and non regulatory motivated behaviors Which brain region is particularly important in the regulation of regulatory and nonregulatory behaviors What is homeostasis What are the main regions controlling humoral hormone balance How is the digestive system organized to provide the nutrients necessary for life How is Energy Balance controlled Hint prandial and postabsorptive states How is leptin involved in the long term regulation of body weight What are the hypothalamic regions known to regulate body weight and how do they achieve their functions how are they connected to other brain regions specific groups of neurons to control different mechanisms ultimately regulating body weight What are the different humoral visceromotor and somatic responses modified by energy balance mechanisms What are the shorter term hunger signals regulating food intake What are the shorter term satiety signals regulating food intake What is reward and how does reinforcement believed to motivate behaviors What brain neurotransmitter system is associated with the wanting aspect of reward How was reward discovered by Olds and Milner How can wanting be disrupted hint what would you inject in the brain to reduce wanting but not the liking property of stimuli What is hypovolemic thirst How is hypovolemic thirst signaled to the brain and what mechanisms are triggered to reverse this state What is Osmotic thirst How is osmotic thirst signaled to the brain and what mechanisms are triggered to reverse this state What is diabetes mellitus What is diabetes insipidus How are emotions produced according to the James Lange theory How are emotions produced according to the Cannon Bard theory How are these two theories both right and wrong at the same time How does the somatic marker hypothesis of emotions reconcile the limitations of the early theories What is the limbic lobe according to Broca What brain regions make up the limbic circuit of Papez and how are they interconnected According to Papez which brain region is responsible for emotional experience and which region is mostly responsible for emotional expression What are some of the functional effects of limbic system dysfunctions rabies lesions etc What is the Kluver Bucy syndrome and what are the symptoms as originally defined by these researchers Which part of the brain is affected in the Kluver Bucy syndrome Which brain region is strongly associated with several humoral autonomic and somatic responses normally observed during emotional activation other than the hypothalamus What happens upon disruption damage to the amygdala Other than fear responses what other function is associated with the amygdala hint learning What are some of the observations that the human amygdala is also associated with fear hint damage stimulation functional imaging What is the difference between predatory and affective aggressions Is the amygdala also associated with aggression What other brain regions are associated with aggression include brain regions and fiber tracts How is the serotonin system associated with aggressive behaviors what is the evidence for a relation between serotonin and aggressive behaviors Development of the nervous system What is the cell type order in the genesis of nervous system cells What are the different phases of neural development What is cell proliferation What is a mechanism via which cell proliferation is arrested and instead leads to cell migration and differentiation What is cell migration and what is one of the main mechanism employed by nervous system cells to move to their final destination Are all cells migrating through the same pathway hint no What is the order of migration for cells giving rise to neocortex cortical development What are some of the factors involved in cell differentiation these include internal genetic programmed signals and external attractant repulsant signals What are the different stages of pathway axon formation or how do neurons connect to each other What s a growth cone and what are its different components What is fasciculation and what are the main molecules mediating their formation How do various molecules netrins slit ephrins contribute to the formation of axon pathways to their final destination or targets In the final addressing formation synaptic contacts between neurons how do neurons form synapses to interact with each other What is apoptosis What is the contribution of trophic factors in cell survival What is synaptic capacity hint finite area on neurons to make synaptic contacts How is neural activity important in fine tuning synaptic connections remember elimination and strengthening How is synaptic segregation obtained hint correlated activity example in retina How are synaptic modifications achieved hint Hebbian synapses What are the requirements for Hebbian synaptic modifications Does neural activity invariably lead to synaptic strengthening and why What are critical periods of plasticity and how long do they last Why do critical periods end or plasticity significantly reduced after the end of these periods Are activity dependent synaptic modifications short term molecular mechanisms or long term structural changes and what might be the substrate s of these modifications What is the effect of environmental enrichment on brain development What is a likely mechanism of activity dependent synaptic enhancement in excitatory neurotransmission What are the unique characteristics of NMDA receptors and what is meant by NMDA receptors being coincidence detectors What is LTP and LTD What is the proposed mechanism responsible for long term depression LTD Learning and Memory Systems What are the major types of memories What is declarative memory and what brain regions have been associated with this type of memory What are the different subtypes of non declarative memory and what brain regions have been associated with the different subtypes What are the different memory stages what are their durations and capacities What is dissociative amnesia and what is meant by retrograde vs anterograde amnesia How did Karl Lashley study learning and memory and what was his main contribution to the nascent field of the neurobiology of learning and memory What is an engram when discussing the neurobiology