Exam 3 Study GuideOne of the largest cultural groups in the US> 12%, or nearly 39 million people of the US population in 2008Majority are blacks, originally from West AfricaAncestors brought by force, not choice to the USHistory characterized by persecution and segregationGreat Contribution to American CultureCultural Perception of Africa2nd largest continent in the worldEstimated population 1 billionMuch of the climate is tropicalRainfall varies widelyVaried GeographyRainforest, Grassland, mountains, temperature zones along the MediterraneanSahara Dessert: largest in the worldStretches from the Atlantic to the Red SeaSeparates North African NationFrom Sub-Saharan Western, Eastern, and SouthernLong history of conflict never eliminated the Tribal AffinityHistory in the USEnslavementServants preceded the MayflowerMost were from W. AfricaSlave importation ended in 1809Slaves established before North American they were brought to North AmericaTribal Conditions determined which became slaves and which sold slavesEmancipation came with ratification of 13th amendment in 1865Gave all blacks FreedomExploitation continuedMany Moved to the northeast or the Midwest about 1900Migration continued north for many yearsNY, Detroit, Chicago, PhiladelphiaCivil Rights in the 1960sAttempts to reverse past discriminationTribal Villages: horticulturalViewed identity as existence in relation to physical and social needs of groupExtended families and relatives were foundationsHard to separated bc identity associated with groupsSo Wouldn’t because completely acculturated developed Black CreoleNative born culture in USDev during the early slave periodCombination of white and west African influenceCurrent DemographicsAbout ½ are in the SouthMore movement to the south now than to the northLive in African American or Hispanic neighborhoodsFew Immigrants now1/3 from West AfricaNigeria and GhanaSudanese and Eritreans escaping warOthers from ethnic and civil conflicts<1% from Caribbean or Central American DescentSocioeconomic StatusEconomic disparitiesPoverty rate, unemployment rate still double for nonhispanic white familiesHigh School Graduation rates lowerStrong, ethnic IdentityGeographically, politically, and socioeconomically diverseRecent, immigrants often come for educational opportunity and/ or well educatedReligionSpirituality integral to African Tribal SocietyReligion is an important part of the social and spiritual life of African American society todayPredominant Christian denominations are Largest National Baptist Convention of the USA, the Methodist Episcopal Church, and PentecostalRecent ImmigrantsMuslimProtestant ChristianEastern OrthodoxHalf of African population believed to participate in traditional tribal religions or combined faithsFamilyExtended Family important sine Tribal times disrupted during slave periodDuring sale of own of parent43% of famliies headed by womenMultigenerational homes are commonChildren are highly valuedAfrican societies today are highly patriarchalAfrican women subservient to men- arranged marriagesExtended kinship supports one another; the extended family is highly valuedIn Africa, Traditional beliefs include the influence of natural, supernatural, and social forces as important causes for events and illnessesForces influence life eventsIndividuals can influence these forces towards good and evilHealth maintained through harmonyDisharmony when someone malevolent (mosquito example)Rest and diet are part of maintain healthHome remedies and herb teas are usedPrayer is an important component to healthAfricans enjoy energy rather than matterTraditional healers diagnose, determine the supernatural cause and then dislodge the evil cause of an illnessRoot Dr. home remedies/ conjurCures might include the use of herbs, trances, spirit visits, and/or dietary resitrictionsHealers of all kind use holistic approachCurrent practices in the US integreate traditional practices with influences from NA and whitesSome believe illness is a punishment from God and God acts through doctors to healVoodoo/Hoodoo is practiced by some traditional healersCombination between Catholic and AfricanThey Believe 3 meals a day are good for youLaxatives and cod liver oil prevents coldsVicks vapor rub ingested for coldsWear Copper braceletsStress causes poor health- hypertension“worryation”= diabetesToad on a head for headaches- Toad dies; headache goes awayIngredients and Common FoodsWest African diet changed due to New World Foods before Africans came to he USNew World FoodsCassavaCornChilesPeanutsPumpkinsTomatoesOld World Foods (Native to West Africa)WatermelonBlack eyed PeasOkraSesameTaro** Millet used as Bird Food**Adaptations and substitutions made with what was availableWest African, British, French, Spanish, and Native American influences produced American Southern CuisineFried, boiled, and roastedPork, Pork fatCorn, Sweet potatoes, local green leafy vegetablesWest African FareStaples varied due to localeCorn, Millet, Rice in Coastal Areas (Sierra Leone)Yams, cassava and plantains in more southern areas, NigeriaSahara DesertTribes were pastoral, herding camels, sheep, goats, and cattleFood boiled or fried, dipped in sauce eaten by handCommon seasonings/ Food items- “ The Ingredents”Tomatoes, Hot Chile, Peppers, and onionsA Thick, sticky texture preferred in foods (Mucilagirous)North: Local fish, game, chickenMany Tropical Fruits and VegetablesOnly a few eaten but many common: apples, baobab, guava, lemon, papaya, Pine, water)Nuts and seeds as well as resulting oilsPalm oil predominant fat (gives food red hue)Sometimes peanut, shea, or coconut oil usedCurryStarched Vegetables (fufu)Potted yams, plantainsEthiopian, Eritrean, Somali, SudaneseArid climates with mountainous plains and lowland valleysStaples include millet, sorghum, plantainsChicken, fish, mutton goat, and beefMany Ethiopians are vegetarian due to Eastern Orthodox religionCoffee is the leading export cropBerBer: SeasoningWat (Stew) : National Ethiopian DishSome Italian dishesRestirct Animal ProteinsMuslims follow halal practices in some regionsInjera: Fermented doughSudan Diet reflects Middle East and AfricanEast African: Kenya, Tanzania, UgandaClimate and geography well suited to farming and ranchingCommon staples – Cassava, Corn, Milllet, Sorghum, Peanuts, plantainsBeef cattle also raisedConsidered gifts from the godsIndicate wealthBread is common at every meal mandazi= Sweet BreadCrops are gown for export coffee,