1. What is Food?1. US Census and Demographic Data2. What is Food? (The ways in which humans use food)1. Food Habits (Food Culture or Food ways)2. Eating vs. Feeding3. The Omnivore’s Paradox4. Self- Identity5. Symbolic Use of Food6. Cultural Identity: An Essential symbolic function of Food2. What is Culture?1. The Acculturation Process1. The Adaption Process:2. The Acculturation of Food Habits3. Cultural Food Habits1. Core and Complementary Foods Model2. What is meant by Flavor Principles?3. Meal Patterns and Meal Cycles4. Developmental Perspectives of Food Culture4. Individual Food Habit1. Food Availability2. Edible vs Inedible1. Inedible: poisonous, strong beliefs against, or considered taboo2. Edible by Animals, not by me3. Edible by humans, but not by my kind4. Edible by humans, but not by me3. Consumer Food Choice Model5. Nutrition and Food Habits1. Diversity in the US populationIntro: Health and Illness influenced by CultureA. WorldviewsA. Worldview Evident in Health Care DecisionsB. Biomedical WorldviewII. What is Health?A. Health (According to WHO): a “ state of complete physical, mental, and social well- being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”2. Health Attributes3. Body Image4. Health Maintenance5. Health- Promoting Food Habits1. Food Habits6. Disease, Illness, and Sickness1. Becoming Sick2. Causes of Illness3. Healing Practices1. Curing Vs Healing2. Seeking Care3. Healing Therapies4. Medical Pluralism1. Cultural Congruent CareI. The Intercultural ChallengeA. Intercultural Communication Concepts1. 2 components of message2. Messages and Impact- Personal/ Object Messages3. Messages and Impact- Verbal/ NonverbalB. High and Low Context elements1. Low Context Cultures: Western Culturesa) Verbal Communication(1) Individual is separate from the group(2) Self realization is an Important Goal1. Power, Authority, Statusb) Time perception2. High Context Cultures1. Verbal Communication2. Power, Authority, and Status3. Time Perception:(6) Polychromatic: pursuing many tasks simultaneouslyc) Non-Verbal Communication2. Uncertainty Avoidancea) High Uncertainty Avoidance Cultures: groups that exhibit great discomfort with what is unknown and differentb) Low Uncertainty Avoidance Cultures: curious about unknown and differentC. Role of Communication in Health Care1. Interaction between the Provider and the Client (Client/Practitioner Responsibility):2. Barriers to Communication3. 5 Causes of Cultural Misunderstandings in health care settingsa) Provider never fully know a client’s thought, attitudes, and emotions, especially when the client is from a different cultural backgroundb) Provider must depend on verbal and nonverbal signals from the client to learn what the client believes about health and illness – signals may be ambiguousc) Provider uses his/her own cultural understandings of communication to interpret verbal and nonverbal signals from client- may be inaccurate or mean something diff in their cultured) Provider state of mind may bias interpretation of clients behaviore) There is no correlation between what a provider believes re correct interpretations of a client’s signals of behaviors and the accuracy of the providers belief- misunderstandings commonD. Successful Intercultural Communication1. Intercultural Communication SkillsE. Intercultural Counseling1. Pre counseling Preparation:2. In-depth Interview3. Inter Cultural Nutrition Education- Key Cultural InfluencesF. Culturally Relevant ProgramsI. Western ReligionsA. Judaism:4000 yrs. old, started with Abraham1. Law of meat and MilkB. Christianity1. Roman Catholicism2. Eastern Orthodox Christianity3. Protestantisma) Mormons – Church of Latter Day Saintsb) Seventh Day AdventistsC. IslamII. Eastern ReligionsA. Hinduism5. BuddhismNUTR 1010 1st Edition Exam 1 Study GuideChapter 1: Food and Culture 1. What is Food?1. US Census and Demographic Data- US Census shows 1 in 4 Americans is of non-European Heritage- US Census shows 1 in 10 residents are foreign born- US Census can underestimate the number and diversity of North American Cultural groupso The data do not list: Some white populations Religious groups Regional Groupso Census terminology can be confusing and ambiguous. o Census does not count an estimated more than 11 million immigrants.o Thus the proportion of American ethnic groups members is larger than statistics indicate and is rapidly increasing- The fastest and largest growing ethnic groups in America are Latinos- The second fast and largest growing ethnic groups in America are Asians- Each ethnic, religious, or regional group brings with it its own culturally based food habits thus changing and shaping the majority of American food habits.2. What is Food? (The ways in which humans use food)Food: any substance that provides the nutrients necessary to maintain lifeand growth when ingested.1. Food Habits (Food Culture or Food ways)- Definition of Food Habits (Food culture or Food ways): the ways in which humans use food, including everything from how it is selected, obtained, and distributed to who prepares it, serves it, and eats it. 2. Eating vs. Feeding- Eating is different from feeding- Humans eat, Animals Feed- Infants feed, they have no choice in what they are eating- To eat is a choiceNUTR 1010 1st Edition - Feeding:o Animalso Repeatedly consume foods necessary for their well-being, and they do so in a similar manner at each feeding- Eating: Distinguished from feeding by the way humans use foodo Humans gather, hunt and/ or cultivate plants, raise livestocko This permits the development of specific customs associated with food that are the foundations for the diet such as wheat or rice,o Humans also cook food to change the texture of raw foods andrid of any toxic substances (such as in root vegetables)o The ability to choose foods to combine with other foods follows prompt rules what can be eaten with what: Humans use utensils Humans institute complex rules, manners Humans share food Standards with who may dine with whom are well-defined3. The Omnivore’s Paradox- Humans are omnivorous: they can consume a wide variety of plants and animals found in their surroundingso The advantage being they can adapt to nearly all earthly environmentso No single food provides all the nutritional content needed for humans so humans must be flexible to eat what is needed for the body, but cautious to not ingest harmful foods- The Dilemma: the need to experiment combined with the need