GEOL 102 1st Edition Exam # 2 Study Guide Understand the physical properties of water in the oceans and atmosphere.Understand why water is a stable molecule.Understand the physical properties of water.Understand how chemistry of H2O influences the physical properties of H2O.Noble gases are chemically happy, so they do not want to combine with anything. Hydrogen andoxygen are not noble gases and are not chemically happy until they bond.. The moving of electrons is called chemical bonding. Hydrogen needs to either gain or lose 1 electron, while oxygen needs to gain 2 electrons. Oxygen after chemically bonding has a -2 charge. Hydrogen after bonding has a +1 charge. This makes a water molecule, which is electrically neutral and balanced. What is covalent chemical bonding?Water has this type of bond. It is when shared electrons will be found more around one element than the other. In waters case electrons will be found more around the oxygen molecule since oxygen is only a taker, while hydrogen is a giver or a taker. ( wants to lose/gain electron). Why does water stick together?Water has hydrogen bonding, so opposite electrical charges attract Forming hydrogen bonds is volume increasing and density decreasing.Each oxygen can form 4 hydrogen bonds, this max happens at 0 degrees centigradeWaters boil/ freezing temperature? Boiling temp is 100 degrees, when predicted -68 degrees, adding energy to liquid to force from liquid to gas. As temperature increases molecules move faster and bounce harder until they snap. Hydrogen bonding makes water boil at a higher temperature than others like it since they are bonded together and have to break apart before Freezing temperature is 0 degreesFreezing/ melting – higher than the expected because of hydrogen bonding Why does water dissolve an unusually high amount of salt?NaCl is a polar molecule. Opposite charges attract and they can attract and form hydrogen bonds with water What is a non polar substance?It cannot form hydrogen bonding with water. Example : oilDescribe latent heat of vaporizationAmount of energy it takes to convert 1 gram of a liquid at the boiling temperature to 1 gram of gas at the boiling pointLatent heat of fusion is the amount of energy it takes to convert 1 gram of a solid at the boiling point to 1 gram of a liquid at the boiling pointKnow the objectives from the killer whales videoUnderstand the physical attributes killer whales- living, eating, etc.Know the hunting methods and types of prey they stalkMany hunt is packs, they hunt salmon, there are 16 groups with 20 per pack with 3 generations,a hunting style used is a spread out formation, they use sonar, each pod has different tones, tall fins are males, go for pebble massage at Johnston Straight, eat schools of herrings – 400 a day for an adult male is needed, concentrate fish and sting with flick of tail, other food includes seals, dolphins, other whales, penguins, use beaching techniqueUnderstand processes controlling atmosphere circulationUnderstand vertical and horizontal ocean currents and processes that cause themIn the atmosphere process 100 incoming solar radiation come from space, 20 percent are absorbed in the atmosphere, of 47.5 percent ½ are absorbed at the earths surface, warms it up. 5.5 radiated to space. 29.5 by evaporation, 12.5 by conduction and reradiationAtmosphere is heated from below 8 energy bundles strike nearest equator – warmest6 energy bundles strike middle4 energy bundles strike polar areas- coldestAtmospheric pressure is controlled by atmospheric densityHigh density air = high atmospheric pressureLow density air = low atmospheric pressureAir goes from high pressure to low pressureDescribe the Coriolis Effect Apparent deflection of objects that are moving across a roatating sphereCaused by rotation differences When describing always look down the sphereIn the North, coriolis effect is deflected to the rightIn the South, coriolis effect is deflected to the left Why is there a lot of rain nearest the equator?As air rises the density increases, volume decreases, hydrogen bonding occurs, condensation happens and water vapor is converted to the liquid form (rain)Why are there deserts?As air sinks the temperature warms, shouldn’t have much rain here since low precipitation because the molecules are moving too fast to form hydrogen bonds, dry air wanted to steal water from the ocean ( evaporation). This dries out the land, which forms deserts How is the ocean impacted at 30 degrees ?Salinity values will be higher because when water is stolen the salt stays At the equator, salinity will be lower as evaporation water is dumped by the equator the water being dumped is fresh water, so this decrease salinity. Salinity facts Average salinity is 3.5%at the bottom of the ocean it is more dense and cooler. There is more salt which makes it more dense and higher salinityDescribe Antarctic bottom water Coldest,deepest, most dense 34.8% parts per thousand salinity -.5 degrees Near Antarctic there is low evaporation, so the salinity should be lower, but it is not why??Recall the Wedell Sea adventure Describe the Mediterranean seawater 35.5 percent parts per thousand salinity, higher than averageBut is less dense on top because of temperature What are horizontal ocean currents?Gravity drivenEnergy source – windClockwise circulation in northern hemisphereCounter-clockwise in southern hemisphereCurrents coming from the equator will be warmCurrents coming from the poles will be coldFastest currents will be on the western side of the world – westward intensificationEach center of rotation is associated with hills (of