GEOL 102 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Be able to describe the effects of El Nino Wind is slower so gravity winds, equatorial counter current flows warmer than normal water, which reduces upwelling- nutrients are reduced= plants reduced= animals reduced Causes droughts in Indonesia and flooding in South America which destroys crops and houses Causes rain to fall over the ocean instead of the land and the rainforest dries outWHY?Te low atmospheric pressure is lower than normal on land, which affect the wind velocities – there is a larger push of energy at the normal time than compared to el nino- this is the el nino trigger= winds slow down. when the wind slows down there is no longer a corriolis effect at the equator. The currents become straight so there is then no Ekmon transport, which results in no upwelling. Hurricanes What is the center of the hurricane caused byThe center of the hurricane is the uiltimate low atmospheric pressure area. High pressure is surrounding it, wind will be moving into the center from all sides because of the key concept “high to low” and Coriolis Effect What is Coriolis Effect? Causes the wind to deflect to the right in the northern hemisphere, winds spin counter-clockwise. What else is happening during the hurricane? Water will be transported, rain would occur in large amounts because of the low pressure cell. High evaporation- warmer water/air = condensation to occur faster. Fast winds which also lead to huge waves.What is surface tension?How much a material likes to stick to itself, water has a high surface tensionHow do waves grow?Because of waters high surface tension, the wave gets bigger as it collects more energy, and as the wave gets bigger it can then collect more energy and gets bigger and bigger What are the key terms used to describe waves ?Wave height- vertical elevation, crest to through Wave length – distance from one wave crest to the adjacent wave crest Wave period – amount of time it takes the wave to travel one wave length, use secondsWhat are the variables effecting waves height ? what is the highest wave observed?Highest wave observed = 115 feetVariables of wave height:Strong wind velocityFetch ( distance) ( how large the body of water is that the wave travels on)Storm duration What is the impact of friction in a deep water wave ?Don’t notice the wave at the bottomD= L/2Deep water wave > L/2Cause of tsunami at ocean-ocean convergent plate boundary? Lower density plates does not want to be pulled down, but it is = at certain point it will snap back and cause tsunami Describe tides and tide terms Tidal day – 24 hoursDivernal tide- one high tide, one low tide over tidal daySemidivernal tide- one high tide, one low tide in ½ tidal daySpring tide – 2 in a month at full moon and half moonNeap tide- 2 in a month at quarter moon and last quarter moonTides – energy source is gravity – attractive force between any two massesSmaller radius = greater attractive force Force of gravity is f(x) of the size of the 2 masses, larger mass = greater gravity What is centrifugal force ?Apparent force, caused by inertia, directed outward from center of rotation What is towards and away concept ?the centrifugal force will be towards the moon or sun, and directly away from the sun or moon What for always wins? Sun or moon?The moon always wins because it is closer, the sun is so far away, moons tidal bulges will always be larger than the sunswhat is constructive wave interference? What is deconstructive wave interference?Constructive is when the sun and moon work together to make larger than normal tidal bulges. Occur during a spring tide twice a month at full moon and new moonDeconstructive – when the sun and moon work against each other to make minimal tidalranges. High tide will decrease; low tide will increase as the sun takes from high to give to low. Half moon and last moon. Know the different types of phytoplankton Know how to describe the trophic pyramid Starts with primary producer and goes up to top carnivore. Lower units of energy transferred the higher up on the pyramid. Know TAXONOMY FOR HUMANS Kingdom = Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Monera Phylum = Chordata Class = Mammalia Order = Primates Family = Hominidae Genus = HomoSpecies = Homo sapiens PHYLUM ARTHROPODA = Trilobites (state fossil), crustaceans (lobsters, crabs, barnacles, krill). Exoskeleton, jointed appendages.PHYLUM CHORDATA = Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals. Have a central nerve chord.Baleen whales - Great whales, Strainers in mouth to collect krill – each one called a baleen Toothed whale - Dolphins, orchas, killer whales, sperm whaleKrill- Low on the trophic pyramid, high energy source transferred, main reason baleen whales can reach such great size- don’t have to work hard to gather large amount of high energy food