1 UN I T 9 MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA HOUSEKEEPING • Current reading: Chapter 6 of textbook • Mapping assignment 5 – Middle East & North Africa • Due date: 10:00PM Friday, March 21 • Submit early if you are traveling that day for spring break! • Final paper guidelines and requirements • Now posted in “Assignments” area of Compass • Read carefully and ask questions if needed! • Globalization case study this Friday: The Arab Spring’s roots in globalization LINKAGES: FROM EUROPE TO MENA • External relations instrument of the EU • Action Plans agreed between Brussels & ENP countries • Privileges for reforms • “Casting a wider net” via regionalization?2 OVERVIEW: MENA Note: Textbook places Mauritania, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, & Djibouti in Sub-Saharan Africa! ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY Adaptation to Aridity • Architecture • Patterns of activity • Dress • Irrigation ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY Human-Environment Interactions • Overexploitation • Deforestation Climate change • Sea level rise • Structural problems • Global carbon market3 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY Environmental Problems • Water accessibility and quality • Oil and industrial pollution • Desertification • Mitigation: Reforestation and afforestation HISTORICAL LEGACIES AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION Ottoman Empire • 1100 – 1922 • Breakup • Nationalist movements in MENA HISTORICAL LEGACIES AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION Mandate System • Self-determination?4 INDEPENDENCE AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION • Import substitution • Nationalization of economic development • Neoliberal interventions THE OIL STATES IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY • Centrality to global economic relations • World dependency • Petrodollars • Vulnerability to fluctuations • Diversification GLOBALIZATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF INEQUALITY • National and scalar variations in income • Marginalized agriculture • Refugees and migrant workers • Internally displaced persons5 GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS • Drop in crude prices • Decreased public spending • Halted development • Shrinking investment1 UN I T 9 MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA HOUSEKEEPING • •Current reading: Chapter 6 of textbook • Mapping assignment 5 – Middle East & North Africa • Due date: 10:00PM TODAY • Submit early if you are traveling for spring break! • Final paper guidelines and requirements • Now posted in “Assignments” area of Compass • Read carefully and ask questions if needed! GLOBALIZATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF INEQUALITY • National and scalar variations in income • Marginalized agriculture • Refugees and migrant workers • Internally displaced persons2 GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS • Drop in crude prices • Decreased public spending • Halted development • Shrinking investment GLOBALIZATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES • Pull factors • Guest workers • North Africa as transit region • Push factors • War/civil unrest • Lack of opportunity • Historical legacy & self-determination • Diasporas I>CLICKER QUESTION (ANOTHER BONUS POINT-IT’S REALLY SPRING BREAK NOW!) The Mandate System was different from colonialism because A. The subject countries could become independent whenever they wanted B. It respected the rights and views of local people C. It required the “mandate holders” to establish constitutional governments in the subject countries D. It drew boundary lines consistent with ethnic distributions3 CULTURE, POLITICS, & GLOBALIZATION • Sources of political and economic problems: “artificial” political boundaries • Postcolonial geography • Vs. stereotypes about the peoples of MENA (Orientalism) • Unifying forces: Islam and Arabic • Common political and economic goals CULTURE, POLITICS, & GLOBALIZATION War in Iraq: breaking resistance to globalization? Decades leading up to invasion: • Rise of identity politics • ‘Retribalization’ • Religion • Ethnic politics • Rise in criminality • Sectarian insurgencies – defense of power positions, reactions to new material insecurities G L O B AL I Z AT I O N CASE S TUD Y THE ARAB SPRING4 BACKGROUND • Wave of demonstrations, protests, and regime changes in Arab world • December, 2010 - ? • Root causes • Dissatisfaction with long-standing regimes • Socio-economic inequalities • Post-colonial political geographies? • Catalysts • “Turkish model?” • Wikileaks releases THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE ARAB SPRING THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE ARAB SPRING5 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. [Prior to reading the article] What are the common narratives in the media for the reasons and causes underlying the Arab Spring? 2. What new insights do the authors of the article provide about the relationship between globalization and the Arab Spring? What are the alternative geographies they advocate for? 3. How do the recent processes of globalization in the Middle East interact with the post-Colonial geographies discussed earlier? 4. Can you think of other ways in which globalization has played a role in the Arab Spring? (Hint: think of how protests were organized and reported on!) ROOTS IN GLOBALIZATION? • Collapse of “Western-colonial model” of globalization • Failed model of development • Reclaiming the “Arab-Muslim” character of the state • Desire for welfare state and economic justice - Al-Bayaty, et al., 2011 ROOTS IN GLOBALIZATION? • Mubarak regime (Egypt): privatization schemes • Role of 2008 global financial crisis • Fight for democracy and economic justice intertwined • Competing views: Islamism or secularism?6 ROOTS IN GLOBALIZATION? • Role of the new media • Horizontal connectivity and social mobilization • Intersections of new and conventional media • Linkages in global civil society MENA CASE STUDY: THINGS TO KNOW • Comprador class – resurrected concept in contemporary globalization • State capture • Seeds of discontent in MENA societies • Arab Spring = outcome of interactions between: • post-colonial geographies (history of globalization) • Shortcomings of neoliberalism (contemporary globalization) • Paradox: Arab Spring = reaction to globalization, but also was fomented by facets of globalization1 UN I T 10 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA HOUSEKEEPING •Current reading: Chapter 7 of textbook • Mapping assignment 6 – Sub-Saharan Africa • Due date: 10:00PM Friday,