1 D R . RICHELL E BERN A Z Z O L I GEOGRAPHIES OF GLOBALIZATION PLEASE REMEMBER TO TURN OFF CELL PHONES PERSONNEL • Dr. Richelle Bernazzoli • BA in International Politics from Penn State • MA and Ph.D. in Geography from UIUC • Nine years in the military • Studying security, identity, citizenship, geopolitics, Europe • 2013-2014 GGIS Undergraduate Advisor • TA: Devon Lechtenberg2 PURPOSE OF THE CLASS • To understand how processes of globalization create particular geographies • To understand how outcomes of globalization are shaped by geographic circumstances Image credit: https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~abbas20s/classweb/walmart/zzglobalizaton.htm PURPOSE OF THE CLASS • Gain a basic understanding of key global processes and world regions • Use the geographic perspective to better understand how the world is organized and is changing Image credit: www.iucn.org BUT FIRST…THE SYLLABUS • Go to https://compass2g.illinois.edu • Page 1: • required readings; textbook & Compass • why the class is cool and useful • Page 2: • Compass • i>clicker • Schedule of Topics and Assignments3 I>CLICKER • To make class more engaging and participatory • To help reinforce learning objectives • To highlight key concepts and ideas for exams, etc. I>CLICKER MORE SYLLABUS STUFF • Expectations and behavior. • No late assignments. • Exams and mapping exercises. • Class participation.4 ONE MORE TIME WITH SYLLABUS STUFF • Grades: • Exams 30% (10% each) • Map exercises 35% (best 7 of 9, at 5% each) • Final paper 25% • i>clicker participation 10% = 100% GLOBALIZATION IN THE NEWS A few guidelines on emailing Dr. B….5 INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY AND GLOBALIZATION U N I T O NE GEOGRAPHY Physical Geography Human Geography Fluvial Geomorphology Remote Sensing Climatology Geographic Information Science Political Geography Cultural Geography Economic Geography Human-Environment Relations GEOGRAPHY • A perspective • A way of looking at things • Place, Scale, Region, Nation-State (more on these to come)6 GEOGRAPHY & GLOBALIZATION • How does globalization (re)make SPACE?  Creating unity and division  Increasing homogeneity across space  Intensifying some differences between places  Increasing the importance of some scales vs. others  Creating new physical geographies – Environmental processes ASSUMPTIONS • “We must implement this policy because of globalization.” • “In the global village, we can’t ignore one another’s problems.” • No one can escape the “new global reality.” QUESTIONS FOR US • Is globalization new? • Is globalization happening everywhere?  to the same degree? • Is globalization inevitable? • Is geography becoming irrelevant?7 FORGING GLOBAL VISIONS • TINA – “There Is No Alternative” • The planet imagined as a seamless “whole” • Ancient Greeks & Romans • Enlightenment • Universal Declaration of Human Rights MAPS: REPRESENTATION AND POWER T and O map, Augustine of Hippo, CE 354-430 MAPS: REPRESENTATION AND POWER Mercator Projection, 15698 THE WORLD ECONOMY AS A SPATIAL ENTITY • Geographical area usually = nation-state (country) • The economy = all monetarized relations of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services within a geographical area (Herod, 2009) THE WORLD ECONOMY AS A SPATIAL ENTITY • Economic organization (capitalism) produces geographic organization, and vice versa THE WORLD ECONOMY AS A SPATIAL ENTITY • David Harvey’s (1982) “spatial fix” • Capitalists need access to particular spaces1 UN I T 1 INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION HOUSEKEEPING • Get your i>clickers! • Register your i>clickers! • Bring your i>clickers to class! • Current reading: Chapter 1 of textbook • Week 2 readings now available in Compass GLOBALIZATION IN THE2 GLOBALIZING TIME • 1884 International Meridian Conference • Washington, DC • Greenwich, England for the win • Significance: a “global sense of time” THE “SHRINKING WORLD?” • Absolute distances vs. relative distances • The “annihilation of space by time” • Distance expansion? Source: www.sciencedirect.com GLOBALIZING THE ENVIRONMENT Key moments: • United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, 1972) • Brundtland report: Our Common Future (1987) • Sustainable Development • Earth Summit on Environment and Development (Rio, 1992)3 GLOBALIZING THE ENVIRONMENT “The global human ecosystem is threatened by grave imbalances in productivity and in the distribution of goods and services… The processes of globalization that are so strongly influencing social evolution need to be directed towards resolving rather than aggravating the serious imbalances that divide the world today” (UNEP 1999). • Fate of the economy & the planet are interwoven GLOBALIZING THE ENVIRONMENT • Over a century of population growth and industrialization • 4 decades of global efforts against environmental threats • Key questions remain: • Current organization of global economy  compatible with sustainable development? • Governance & collective action? • Current institutions adequate? INTERPRETING GLOBALIZATION • “International” vs. “Global” … • Interchangeable? • One replacing the other? • Historical or spatial variation? …in economic, political, and cultural organization4 INTERPRETING GLOBALIZATION • Key issue: the nation-state • Nation: a community of people whose members are bound together by a sense of solidarity rooted in an historic attachment to a homeland and a common culture, and by a consciousness of being different from other nations. INTERPRETING GLOBALIZATION • Key issue: the nation-state • State: an area of land (or land and water) with relatively well-defined, internationally recognized, political boundaries. Within this territory resides a people presumed to have an independent political identity. INTERPRETING GLOBALIZATION • Key issue: the nation-state • Nation-state: a state made up of one homogenous nation?? • The most important spatial unit of governance • Basic container of social & economic life • Control over means of violence • Problem: • States with more than one nation • Nations without states5 INTERPRETING GLOBALIZATION • Internationalization vs. Globalization • What is happening to