GEOGRAPHY 106 SPRING 2014 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDEUNIT 1: INTRODUCTIONTopic: Intro to geography & globalization- Geography = a bifurcated discipline (two major subfields), with many subdivisions and connections between them (p.5)- Geography = a perspective on the world- Globalization and geography (re)make one another - a recursive relationship!- Globalization makes and remakes space in a variety of waysCreating unity and divisionIncreasing homogeneity across spaceIntensifying some differences between placesIncreasing the importance of some scales vs. othersCreating new physical geographies (Environmental processes)Topic: Global visions- Long history of global visions- Power and representation in mapsAncient Greeks & Romans (T and O)Enlightenment (Mercator Projection)Universal Declaration of Human Rights- Construction of world economy (nation-states, spatial fix)Monetized relations of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services within a nation-state (country)Capitalists need access to particular spaces- Development and the environment (p.10-11)Topic: Globalizing time- International time, technology, impacts on distanceTime (p.10)Absolute distances vs. relative distancesThe “annihilation of space by time”Topic: Interpreting globalization- Internationalization vs. globalization- Economic, political, cultural processes- Examples of each of the aboveUNIT 2: GEOGRAPHIC CONCEPTSTopic: Nation-States- Distinctions between nations and statesState: an area of landNation: a community of people- Nation-states and contemporary contradictionsNation-state: a state made up of one homogenous nation- Nation-state relations and globalizationGlobe is intelligible as a single spaceTopic: Place- Key thinkers: Yi Fu Tuan, John Agnew, Doreen Massey- Social construction of placesLocation – the role a place plays in the world, or its function EconomicLocale – the institutions that organize activity, politics, and identity in a place PoliticalSense of place – a feeling of identity or“character” tied to a place Cultural- Places and globalizationTopic: Region- Formal/uniform vs. functional/nodal – examples of each- Difficulties of delineating regions- Regional geography and globalization•EconomicAltered geographies of wealth & inequalityEconomic migration (rural to urban, international)•PoliticalRegional integrationSelf-determination and sovereignty issues•CulturalCultural regions becoming less distinctive•Environment Desertification, warming of tundra•Shortcomings (p.36)Topic: Scale- Use of scale concept in human geographyThe scope or reach of an issue, event, or jurisdictionIssues: human rights, education, health- Scales: hierarchical (p.37), socially constructed, and interconnectedHuman activity established placesHuman activity established nation-statesHuman activity (mapping, navigation, exploration) created global visions & processes- Impacts of globalization on scales (local, regional, nation-state)Nation-states’ authority constrained by global events and processesIntegration at regional scaleContinued/increased importance of local scaleGlobal citiesGlocalizationLocal challenges to global processesUNIT 3: GLOBALIZATION THEMESTopic: Mapping themes- VulnerabilityA risk of undesirable outcome- MigrationInternal (within a country)International (from one country to another)Transnational (homes and/or work in more than one country)Seasonal – periodic movement due to weather, agriculture cyclesCircular – back-and-forth between homeland/place of work- Glocalization- Self-DeterminationTopic: Environment and society- Commodification of nature(p.47)Environment – more than human worldEcology – relationships between organisms and their environments- Climate changeOcean acidification, climate change, thinning of ozone layerTopic: History, economy and demographic change- Post-colonial period- World economy, world leadership- NeoliberalismReducing role of governmentStructural adjustment policiesTopic: Culture and politics- Identities (e.g., ethnicity, race, gender) and geography- States and territoryContemporary problemsRegionalism / separatismFailed statesNationalism and globalizationTerritoriality and globalizationUNIT 4: HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATIONTopic: Global imperialism’s 1st wave- Causes of 1st wave15th century: European voyages of discoveryBelief: finite amount of trade available- Mercantilism: definition, outcomesDefinitionPrevailing economic policy of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuriesGovernment controlled industry and tradeMaximizing exports and minimizing importsOutcomesIndigenous populations turned into slavesCoinage increased liquid capitalSome communities’ diminished influenceInflation worsened wage-earners’ positionsNew consumerist classNew domestic industriesNew tastes in cuisine and social habitsLong-standing trade networks and posts disruptedSmall farms to large plantationsSlave trade• Different parts of globe linked in new ways• Profits fueled European expansion• Class relations impacted• Stimulus to emergence of capitalismTopic: Industrial Revolution- Economic liberalismNations are like individualsComparative advantageOpening of markets but protection of colonies- Britain and the industrial revolution• Mercantilism• Shifting class relations in Europe - emergence of merchant class• Increased liquid capital - more money for entrepreneurs and inventors• Agrarian revolution• Creative, innovate spirit in Britain• Natural resources in Britain- Outcomes of industrial revolution• Wealth inequalities – globally, regionally, nationally, locally• Impacts on human health – positive and negative• Environmental degradation• Alienation• New social movements - Organized labor, regulations, welfare systemsTopic: Global imperialism’s 2nd wave- Economic reasons for colonialism• Impact of industrial revolution: Age of Steam (1850 –1950)• Military & other technological innovations• Age of rising nationalisms, interstate rivalries• Economic demands- Justifications for colonialism• “the White Man’s Burden”• “natural superiority”• “Necessary” destruction• Abolition of slavery – ironically!- Outcomes of colonialism• Money replacing barter systems• Privatization of land• Subsistence crops into cash crops• Pre-colonial social structures destroyed• New cities, mass school systems• Extended life expectancies = population growth• Shifting identities and loyalties• Eventually…world