JOURN 2100 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide AP Lectures 1 7 Lecture 1 Numerals 1 Spell out numbers under 10 Use figures for numbers 10 and greater Even if there is one number greater than 10 and one smaller than 10 in the same sentence 2 Except for a Ages b c d e f g h i j k l m n i Always use figures ii When using decades for ages there is no apostrophe Cents dollars and cent Dates Decades i Only use apostrophe when something is missing ii Ex In the 30 s iii She is in her 30s Dimensions i Use hyphens for modifiers 7 inch by 9 inch Distances i Use hyphens for modifiers 7 foot Fractions Highways Millions billions i Don t go beyond two decimal places Percent i Spell percent out as a word except for in headlines you use the ii Almost always use as a figure Speeds Temperatures i Spell out zero and minus only Times Weights 3 Always spell out numbers at beginning of a sentence except for years use figures Lecture 2 Abbreviations Abbreviations and acronyms 1 Addresses a STAB abbreviate Street Avenue and Boulevard in a numbered address b Don t abbreviate any other types of streets c Abbreviate directional indications with numbered addresses only i 1111 S Providence ii South Providence 2 Datelines 3 State names a Spell out all state names when they can stand alone in text b Spell out all state names that are accompanied by a city name c These eight states are never abbreviated i Alaska and Hawaii Noncontiguous ii Idaho Iowa Maine Texas and Utah less than five letters d AP state abbreviations are different than Postal state abbreviations i Use AP in datelines ii Us Postal in mailing addresses e Put a comma after both the city and state when both are used f Months i Never abbreviate March April May June or July ii Only abbreviate the others when you also have a number day iii Put a comma after the year with a full date g A M and P M i No figures for noon and midnight ii Don t use today tomorrow yesterday except in quotes or in print iii a m and p m iv 11 not 11 00 h Can use CIA FBI SAT GPA mpg mph IQ all the time Many other abbreviations can only be used on the second reference NOW EEOC CDC Lecture 3 Capitalizations a Put quotations around movies songs TV shows and apps Other works should just be capitalized b If title comes before name capitalize the title c If title is offset by commas don t capitalize it d Occupations as titles are not capitalized i Capitalize coach when it is used as an address e Capitalize page when used with a number Lecture 4 Grammar How do you use the apostrophe colon comma question mark quotation marks and semicolon a Apostrophe a If noun is plural and does not end in s if you want to make it possessive add s b If noun is plural and ends in s and you want to make it possessive ad at the end c Use for omitted figures 62 d When a word is used descriptively don t add an s at the end e Use possessive after both words if they are both individually owned f Don t use for most pronouns i Only use for contractions like you re it s b Colon a b c d Emphasis Lists Dialogue Introducing quotes e Capitalize the first word after the colon only if it is a proper noun or start of a complete sentence c Comma a Use in a series or a list b Equal adjectives if their order can be switched c To separate a nonessential clause d Introductory clauses or phrases e Before a conjunction i FANBOY for and nor but or yet f Before an attribution g Direct address h Separate name and state i Dates j Quotes commas go inside quotation marks d Question mark a End of a direct question b If you are questioning what you heard c Don t use with indirect questions d Use in a quote if needed instead of a comma e Quotation mark a Direct quotes b Ironic statements c Don t put quotations around things the speaker didn t say in a partial quote d Period and comma go inside quotation marks f Semicolon a To clarify parts of a complicated series John of Chicago Mary of Denver Katie of Kansas b To link independent clauses helps prevent a comma splice Lecture 5 Grammar continued a A vs an a Use a when the noun following starts with a consonant sound b Use an when the noun following starts with a vowel sound b Among vs between a Among is for more than two items b Between is for two items i Can use when there are more items but they are considered a pair c Bad vs badly a Badly is an adverb b Bad is an adjective d Broadcast a Past tense is broadcast not broadcasted e Collective nouns a Singular nouns and pronouns should be used b Team names or musical groups with a plural form take plural nouns pronouns c Have to ask yourself whether it is acting as a unit or individual items in the sentence to help determine which nouns to use f g h i j k l m Dangling modifiers a Avoid modifiers that do not clearly refer to some word in the sentence b Need a subject in the sentence Essential vs nonessential phrases a Essential is necessary info b Nonessential provides extra information to the sentence c Lack of article or pronoun can show that a word in nonessential descriptive word d Set off the nonessential phrases with commas Essential vs nonessential clauses a Which usually signals something nonessential b That usually signals something essential c Ask yourself if the meaning of the sentence is changed when the clause is deleted Good vs well a Good is an adjective b Well is an adverb means skillfully done c When well is used as an adjective it refers to the state of one s health Lay vs lie a Action word is lay it takes a direct object i Laying laid b Lie is reclining horizontally No direct object i Lying lay lain Subjunctive mood a Expressions of doubt b Wishes c Regrets d Contrary to fact conditions e Were is used for things that did not actually happen That vs which a Use to refer to inanimate objects and animals without a name b That essential clauses c Which nonessential clauses Who vs whom a Who is for people and animals with name Subject of the sentence b Whom is for when someone is the object or verb of the preposition Lecture 6 usage a h a Accept vs except a Accept To want something someone b Except To disclose something b Apart vs a part a Apart separate from each other b A part a piece of a whole c Blond vs …