Shi`ismThe argument for Shi`ismOrigins of the splitFurther aspects of the splitSpiritual significance of `AliThe declaration of Ghadir KhummThe hollow EmpireHusayn to Mu`awiyaMu`awiya to HusaynKarbala, 680KarbalaHusaynZaynab’s accusation of YazidZaynab to the KufansFinal thoughtsShi`ismCarl ErnstIntroduction to Islamic CivilizationThe argument for Shi`ismGod’s mercy would never deprive humanity of guidanceAfter the death of the Prophet Muhammad, there must be a guide2Origins of the splitSunnis: Qur'an and hadith textsShi`is: Qur'an and Prophet's familySunnis: loyalty to the community as part of faith`Ali refuses to recognize `Umar's decisions as authoritativetensions over Umayyad rule3Further aspects of the splitbreakdown in the family of the prophetthe Sunni notion of decline from the golden age, and renewalsecession of Kharijis, who appealed to the Qur'an`Ali on the silent Qur'an4Spiritual significance of `Ali"there is no chivalrous youth but Ali""The Peak of Eloquence”`Ali as the link for all Sufi lineagesRumi on `Ali in battle: no victory in angerNusrat and the formula of Ghadir Khumm: For whomever I was his master, Ali is his master. 5The declaration of Ghadir Khumm“him for whom I am the master, so this Ali is his master”6The hollow EmpireDamascus versus Medina as a paradigm of Umayyad imperial rule. "The idealization of the caliphate for many Muslims in the age of post-colonialism is not something that many Muslims historically would have shared in."7Husayn to Mu`awiyaBut now what a great astonishment and shock it is to see that you, O Mu’awiya, are attempting to accede to a thing which you do not deserve. You do not possess any known merit in religion, nor have you any trace in Islam which has ever been praised. On the contrary, you are the son of the leader of the opposition party from among the parties; and you are the son of the greatest enemy of the Prophet from among Quraysh…So give up your persistence in falsehood and enter into my homage.8Mu`awiya to Husayn“It would therefore be better for you not to insist on what you have asked me; if you enter into obedience to me now, you will accede to caliphate after me.”Differences over the fate of Hasan: paid off, or poisoned?9Karbala, 680Husayn's uprising, and the intimidation of the people of Kufathe narrative of Karbala; 72 against hundredsNusrat on the martyrdom of Hussein10Karbala 11Husayn 12Zaynab’s accusation of Yazid"Do you know what you have done!?! You have killed the best of the household of the Prophet; and you have chopped off the roots and branches of the tree of the garden of his mission““You will never take from us our memory.”13Zaynab to the KufansO people of Kufa, you deceptive, fraudulent, lying and treacherous people; by God, you have made false promises, and turned your hypocritical faces toward my brother, and sent him deceptive letters…and conspired to destroy the household of the Prophet (may God’s Peace and Blessing be upon him and his family)…You] have chosen to give the worst of worldly people authority and power over the best of people, and instead of defending the truth and justice, you simply stood by at a distance, as spectators; now you dare to share hypocritical tears on our behalf!14Final thoughtsSunni, Shi`i, and the problem of orthodoxySunnism: public order, the rule of law, history is God's willShi`ism: standing up for justiceFootnote: quietism vs. activism in Shi`ism (a mistaken prediction in the