The Impact of the MongolsGeneral remarksOutline1. After Chingiz Khan (d. 1227): 4 Mongol KhanatesSlide 5Slide 7Qipchaq khanate (Golden Horde)Il-khans (Persia)Ceramic prayer niche (Iran, 14th-century)Tent mosque; Qur’an pageCircular Royal tapestryChaghatay Khanate (later known as Uzbeks)Slide 142. New Centers of Islamic Culture: Mamluk EgyptMosque and madrasa of Sultan Hasan (Cairo, 14th century)Delhi SultanateExpansion and decline of Delhi SultanateQutb MinarOttoman SultanateRise of OttomansKonya3. ScourgesFinal thoughtsThe Impact of the MongolsCarl ErnstIntroduction to Islamic CivilizationGeneral remarksMongol conquests much greater than Arab conquests, but short-livedChristian fantasies of Prester John, Christian king of the East (who would attack Muslims)Destruction of cities followed by rebuilding, flourishing long-distance trade (Marco Polo), and even an expansion and flourishing of Islamic civilization2OutlineMongol khanatesQipchaqIl-KhansChaghatayNew centers of Islamic cultureMamluks (Egypt)Delhi SultanateOttomansScourges (plague, Timur)31. After Chingiz Khan (d. 1227):4 Mongol KhanatesQipchaq Khanate (Golden Horde), on Eurasian steppesIl-khanate (Persia)Chaghatay Khanate (Central Asia)Great Khanate or Yuan Dynasty (Mongolia, China)4567Qipchaq khanate (Golden Horde)Collected tribute from Russians without integrating into Russian societyLike most Mongols, tolerated religious missionaries of various types (insurance policy?)Gradual Islamization8Il-khans (Persia)Hulagu rebuilds destroyed cities, astronomical observatory at MaraghaDevastation of northern Iran and IraqFirst successors leaned towards Buddhism and ChristianityIn 1295, Ghazan converts to IslamThriving culture and art9Ceramic prayer niche (Iran, 14th-century)10Tent mosque; Qur’an page11Circular Royal tapestry12Chaghatay Khanate (later known as Uzbeks)Remained nomadicA coalition of Mongols, Turks, and UighursIn 1326, Tarmashirin converts to Islam and orders all others to followEmpire collapses shortly afterward13142. New Centers of Islamic Culture: Mamluk EgyptDefeated Mongols in 1260 in PalestineOccupied Syria, ArabiaImport of slaves for military leadershipLoyalty to Amirs as core virtue, distance from local society, need for replacementsPolitical instabilityGood relations with Byzantines, Italians15Mosque and madrasa of Sultan Hasan (Cairo, 14th century)16Delhi SultanateGhurids conquered Punjab and Delhi 1193, expanding into Ganges regionTurkish Sultans with military slave background, Persian cultureResisted Mongol expeditionsExpanded empire to South (2nd capital)Delhi a magnet for scholars and artisansCoexistence with vast Hindu majority17Expansion and decline of Delhi Sultanate18Qutb Minar19Ottoman Sultanate20Rise of OttomansSucceed Saljuqs, who established Persian culture in Konya, though they remained subject to MongolsGhazi raiders against Byzantines eventually establish state, expand into BalkansRecruitment of Christian knights (siege of Kosovo in 1389 – Serbian national myth)Forcible enrollment of Christian youths in military and bureaucracy (devshirme)21Konya22Tomb of Rumi (d. 1273)3. ScourgesBlack plague causes massive devastationTimur (Tamerlane) creates a neo-Mongol empire, causing great destruction.23Final thoughtsWhy did the Mongols not have a longer-lasting civilization?Confrontations with Christian powers in name of God (Tenggri) who gave authority to Chingiz KhanConfrontations with Turkish rulers of Delhi Sultanate: Mongol law (yasa) stronger than Islamic shari`a?Weakness of non-textual