BIOL 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I Krebs Cycle II Oxidative Phosphorylation III Summary of Cellular Respiration IV Fermentation Outline of Current Lecture I Photosynthesis II Plants III How It Works IV The Circle of Life V Cell Cycle Current Lecture I Photosynthesis a Opposite of respiration in regards to equation and energy b Major goal of respiration is to convert stable chemical energy into readily available usable form ATP c Major goal is to convert light energy to into stable chemical energy make food d Processes have much in common e All living things depend on photosynthesis f Bottom of the food chain relies on photosynthesis to make own food g Autotrophs self feeders make their own food h Heterotrophs cannot produce own food rely on food produced by other living things consumers II Plants a Photoautotrophs make their own food with photosynthesis b ALSO do respiration c Animals can only do one III How it works a Starts in chloroplast b Has 3 layers of membranes i Thylakoid thylakoid space ii Inner iii Outer c Occurs in two stages i Calvin Cycle 1 Uses CO2 to make sugar anabolic pathway 2 ATP and electrons for the Calvin cycle are produced during the light reactions 3 CO2 enters stroma RuBP 5 carbon molecule catalyzed by rubisco 3 phosphoglycerates 4 3 phosphoglycerates ATP electrons sugar 5 anabolic pathway and reduction ii Light Reaction 1 Light energy makes ATP and a reduced coenzyme 2 Occurs on thylakoid membranes of chloroplast 3 Uses 2 photosystems light harvesting units on the thylakoid membranes connected by electron transport chain 4 PSII a Knocks electrons off pigment molecules gets passed down chain protons get transferred to thylakoid space oxygen 5 PSI a Knocks electron off final electron acceptor is oxidized form of NADP reduced coenzyme d ATP is produced by chemiosmosis e The photosynthetic ATP synthase is on the thylakoid membrane and produces ATP in the stroma IV The Circle of Life a Connection between respiration and photosynthesis b Products of one are the reactant of the other c Chain reaction everything would die if these died V Cell Cycle a All cells are made from cells and come from other cells b Parent cell divides to produce an identical daughter cell c Complex process in which passes an identical copy of all DNA to each daughter cell d 2 Stages i Accurate replication of DNA ii Allocation of one of the identical copies to each new daughter cell e Cell reproduction Cell division i Single celled organisms reproduce the whole organism ii Multicellular organisms is used for growth and tissue repair f Genome cell s total genetic information i One or more long DNA molecules ii Genes are arranged along the DNA hundreds to thousands of genes for DNA molecule iii Each gene has the code for how to make a protein iv Proteins determine what an organism is and what it can do g DNA is arranged as chromosomes i DNA molecule with associated proteins to help maintain structure and control the activity of the genes ii Chromosomes take different forms these are given different names 1 Chromatin mass of dispensed DNA plus proteins found in between periods of cell division 2 Replicated chromosome when the DNA molecules replicate an exact copy the two copies remain held together along the length by proteins called cohesins and take on a condensed form shorter and thicker a Each DNA molecule is called a sister chromatid and the 2 sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are more rightly held together at a region called the centromere