BIOL 101 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 7Chapters 1 – 7Lecture 1 (January 14): Introduction to Biology, Diversity & UnityIntroductionWhat is Biology?Biology is the study of life; it covers many different levels (marine, cell, genetics, marine, neuroscience, etc.).What is the purpose of having unifying themes of Biology? How many are there? What are they?The five unifying themes of Biology help relate and organize all of the information learned in this course. The themes are:1. Life is organized on many structural levels  simplicity moves towards complexity2. Emergent Properties  as complexity increases, so does the complexity of properties3. The Cellular Basis of Life  all living things are made of cells; cells come from cells4. Heritable Information  DNA contains heritable information (parent to child, DNA to RNA)5. Structure and Function  what a molecule looks like determines its functionDiversity & UnityWhy does diversity exist? What are the two traits all living things have in common? Diversity exists because of the five unifying themes of Biology. All living things have genetic codes, and glycolysis, the chemical reaction that occurs when living things convert nutrition from food to energy.Describe “The Theory of Evolution.”This theory considers both unity and diversity, making it the greatest compilation of the unifyingthemes of Biology. It attributes one common ancestor as the basis for all living things, and it states that all living things are regional, meaning they all adapted to their different environments through evolution.Lecture 2 (January 16): Matter, Atoms, Electrons, Chemical Bonds, Chemical ReactionsMatterWhat are the two things that make up all matter?Elements are things that can’t be broken down into other substances by normal chemical processes (Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen), and compounds are molecules that are made of more than one element in a fixed ratio (NaCl).AtomsDescribe the structure of an element, the relationship of elements to atoms, and the structure ofatoms.All elements are alike, and made from their own specific kind of atoms. All atoms are made from the same subatomic particles (the proton, neutron, and electron). The proton is positively charged, the neutron has no charge, and the electron is negatively charged. The protons and neutrons are located inside the nucleus and weigh about the same, while the electrons orbit around the nucleus with a significantly smaller weight than the other two. What is an atomic number, where is it located, and what does it tell us?The atomic number is the number of the protons in an atom, and in neutral atoms, the number of protons is also equal to the number of electrons. The atomic number specifically represents the atom’s number on the periodic table. It is located in the bottom left-hand corner (subscript).What is atomic mass, where is it located, and what does it tell us?The atomic mass is the mass of the atom when it is neutral. It is the sum of the protons and neutrons, and it is located in the upper left-hand corner (superscript).What is an isotope? An isotope is an atom that has a different atomic mass because the number of neutrons is different than the neutral atom, but it still has the same atomic number as a neutral atom.ElectronsWhere are electrons located, and how do they fill these up?Electrons are located in electron orbital shells that orbit around the nucleus. They fill up the shells in order from the closest to the outermost shell. The outermost shell ALWAYS wants to have 8 electrons: Octet Rule.Chemical BondsWhat are chemical bonds? Chemical bonds are the attractions that hold atoms together. An atom’s bonding capacity is based on its valence number, which is the number of electrons it needs to fill the outermost orbital shell. What are the two main strong chemical bonds used in Biology? How are they created?A covalent bond is a bond in which atoms share their electrons. There are polar covalent bonds and nonpolar covalent bonds: polar occurs when the electrons are not shared between atoms equally due to differing electronegativity, nonpolar occurs when atoms of equal electronegativity share electrons equally. An ionic bond is a bond between two atoms in which one atom takes all of the other atom’s outermost electrons WITHOUT sharing them.What are the two main weak chemical bonds? How are they created?Hydrogen bonds are bonds created between a positively charged hydrogen atom of one molecules and a negatively charged atom of another. Hydrophobic bonds occur when two nonpolar molecules bond to each other instead of bonding to water.Draw two water molecules hydrogen bonding to each other.Chemical ReactionsWhat is a chemical reaction and how is it described?A chemical reaction is the breaking and forming of bonds. It is described through a chemical equation that includes which atoms are involved, the number of atoms, and the direction of thereaction.Lecture 3 (January 21): Water, pH WaterWhat causes the unusual properties of water? What are they?The hydrogen bonds cause the unusual properties of water. Water has a high specific heat, meaning that it takes a lot of heat to make water change temperature, it expands when it freezes, meaning that ice floats on water, and water is the biological solvent, eaning that many substances dissolve in water.What are aqueous solutions?These are solutions in which water is the solvent. Cells are aqueous solutions.What is solute concentration?Solute concentration is the number of molecules in a given amount of solution. It is expressed interms of Molarity, which is found by dividing the number of moles of a substance by 1 liter of solution.pH What is the pH scale? What does it measure?This scale measures the degree of acidity based on the numbers 0 – 14. 7 is neutral, 0 – 6 is acidic, and 8 – 14 is basic.What is the pH of water? What is the pH of most biological fluids?Water is generally 7. Most biological fluids are between 6 and 8.Know the 4 equations that can be utilized to determine pH.1. pH = -log[H+]2. pOH = -log[OH-]3. [H+][ OH-] = 10-144. pH + pOH = 14Lecture 4 (January 23): Carbon, Isomers, Functional GroupsCarbonWhat are four reasons carbon is important?Four reasons that carbon is important to biology are: the atoms of carbon are small and form strong bonds; they are versatile in bonding; they have good transport form; they can form large and complex molecules with different