BIOL 101 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8 – 13Chapters 6, 8 – 10About Exam 2 Format:Expect many matching sections, especially for vocabulary. Most vocabulary will be provided, butnot all definitions will be. All in-class quiz questions will be asked on Exam 2. Most questions about the cycles will be asked using multiple-choice format questions. The question regarding processes that occur during photosynthesis and respiration will be asked by giving a statement, and asking whether the statement is true of one, both, or neither. The information on this studyguide is a combination of her review session, and the SI review session.Chapter 6 (Lecture 8): Tour of the CellVocabulary to know:Cytoskeleton – a network of proteins and fibers in the cytoplasm that gives the cell internal supportMicrotubules – round, long, hollow tubes of protein, usually tubulin; they determine the pathway for organelle movement, make up the centrioles (cell division), and cell motility (flagella and cilia)Microfilaments – long, thin, stringy proteins that work with microtubules to give the cell shape and structure, support, cytoplasmic streaming in plants, and amoeboid movement; they are usually composed of actin, an intertwined helix shape.Intermediate fibers – these fibers give the cell strength, fix organelle position, and are the main framework of the cytoskeletonThings to know:What are the major organelles in a eukaryotic cell? Label them and describe their basic function.Nucleus  source of genetic material (DNA) surrounded by double membrane with nuclear pores that are big enough for large molecules and ribosomes to pass through; Nucleolus  place inside nucleus where ribosomes are assembled (looks like a dark spot in nucleus); Cytoplasm  everything between nucleus and plasma membrane, including semi-fluid cytoplasm and organelles; Ribosomes  site of protein synthesis, made of RNA and proteins; Vesicles  membrane sacs which are pinched off and move from one membrane site to another; Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum  nuclear membrane is directly connected to this which is directly connected to Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum; Golgi apparatus  is connected by vesicles to lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane, it transports molecules to where they need to go in the cell; Microbodies  sacs which contain specialized enzymes for specific metabolic tasks; Mitochondria  site of cellular respiration found in nearly all eukaryotic cells; Chloroplasts  site of photosynthesis (make sugar using CO2 and water).What is the endomembrane system? Which organelles are included in this?The endomembrane system is a system of interrelated membranes that are either directly connected to one another or indirectly connected by vesicles. The organelles included in this are vesicles, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus.What are the three major differences between an animal cell and a plant cell?There are three major differences: plants have chloroplasts, plants have cell walls, and plants have a large central vacuole. What is a cell junction? Which kinds are in plant cells and animal cells? Describe them.Cell junctions are Plasma membrane areas specialized to provide contact between cells. Plants have plasmodesmata, a type of cell junction in which there is free passage of water and small molecules. Animals have three types of cell junctions: tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. Tight junctions block the space between cells, water-proofing it. Desmosomes rivet the cells together, but still allow substances to move in intercellular spaces. Gap junctions are connections between cells, allowing intercellular transport of small molecules. This junction is most similar to the plasmodesmata found in plants. Chapter 8 (Lectures 9 & 10): Introduction to MetabolismVocabulary to know:Metabolism – the combination of all of the chemical processes that occur in a cellMetabolic pathways – ordered series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reactionbecomes the reactant for the next reactionCatabolic pathway – pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simple moleculesAnabolic pathway – pathways that consume energy to build complex molecules starting with simple moleculesEnthalpy – total potential energy of a molecule = bond energy (∆H)Entropy – quantitative measure of disorder (∆ S)Gibbs free energy – the amount of energy available to do work (G)Catalyst – speeds up a reaction without being used in the reaction over and overSubstrate – the substance being catalyzedActive site – the 3-D pocket in which the substrate is held; it is specific to its shape of the enzymeTransition site – the point in which the structure is intermediate between the structure of the reactants and that of the productsFree energy of activation – the minimum energy that must be input to a chemical system, containing potential reactants, in order for a chemical reaction to occur.Enzyme – biological catalysts made from proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the cellThings to know:What are the two laws of thermodynamics? 1st Law: energy can be transferred or transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed; 2nd Law: every energy transfer makes the universe more disorderedWhat are the two types of energy? Kinetic → energy of motion; Potential → energy of positionWhat is the difference between exergonic and endergonic chemical reactions?Exergonic reactions are spontaneous, the reactants have more bond energy (H) than products, there is energy being released, S increases during the reaction because products are more disordered, and ∆G is the maximum amount of work that reaction can do (-). Endergonic reactions are not spontaneous, reactants have less bond energy (H) than products, energy is being consumed, S tends to decrease during the reaction because products are more ordered,∆ G is the minimum amount of work required to make a reaction go (=).Draw the basic structure of ATP. How is it used to do work in the cell?Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the usual immediate source for cellular work. It releases phosphates, causing the molecule to become energized, and allowing the cell to do work.List the six ways that enzymes can be regulated, and describe them.Substrate concentration  more substrate increases the rate of reaction; pH  too acidic or too basic will cause reaction rate to slow or not occur altogether;