The Fossil Fuels: OilWhy is the term, FOSSIL FUEL used for coal, oil, gas and lignite? A Because they all contain fossils. B Because they were once food sources for things that are now fossils. C Because they are derived from living matter of a previous geological age. D Because of their energy per unit of mass. E Because Prof. Geller said so.Slide 3Energy TransferOil Exploration and ExtractioniClicker QuestionSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9Once a Site is SelectedSlide 11Setting Up the RigDrillingConfirming the Presence of OilSlide 15Extracting the OilSlide 17Crude oil to RefineriesEnvironmental DisastersSlide 20Fractional DistillationSlide 22Slide 23Slide 24Distilled and chemically processed fractions are treated to: remove impurities by passing the fractions through the following: A column of sulfuric acid An absorption column filled with drying agents to remove water Sulfur treatment and hydrogen-sulfide scrubbers to remove sulfur and sulfur compoundsProducts From Refined Oil RefractionOil, Gasoline, Polymers, and Plastics are moved around to the marketplace in trucks, trains, ships and via pipelinesOil Transportation IssuesSlide 29Gas Stations LeakWorld Oil ConsumptionProducts Consumed from OilOil Waste1The Fossil Fuels:OilLecture #4HNRS 228Energy and the Environment2Why is the term, FOSSIL FUEL used for coal, oil, gas and lignite?A Because they all contain fossils.B Because they were once food sources for things that are now fossils.C Because they are derived from living matter of a previous geological age.D Because of their energy per unit of mass.E Because Prof. Geller said so.3•Recall Exercise: Draw a flow map showing the flow of energy transformations in a car from starting vehicle to driving. You should have 5 different types of energy.4Energy TransferChemicalElectricalElectricalElectricalSound(mechanical)Light(Electromagnetic)ThermalMechanical5Oil Exploration and Extraction•Oil is a fossil fuel–formed from the remains of plants and animalsdied in ancient seas around 300 million years ago•Biota such as plankton fall to the bottom of the sea and decay–form sedimentary layers–little or no oxygen presentmicroorganisms break down the remains into carbon-rich compounds–organic material mixes with the sediments to form fine-grained shale, or source rock–sedimentary rocks layer generate heat and pressuredistilled organic material forms crude oil and natural gas–oil flows from the source rock and accumulates in thicker, more porous limestone or sandstone known as reservoir rock.•When the Earth’s crust moves, the oil and natural gas is trapped in reservoir rocks, which are between layers of impermeable rock (cap rock– usually granite or marble)http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html6iClicker Question•Oil is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of plants and animals whichA formed on another planet billions of years agoB formed on Earth a few billion years agoC formed on Earth in the past few thousand yearsD died on another celestial object around 300 million years agoE died in ancient seas on Earth around 300 million years ago7iClicker Question•Oxygen is required in the formation of oil in the sedimentary layers–A True–B False8The Search for Oil•Oil companies usually contract out the search for oil to exploration geophysicists •Exploration geophysicists utilize–surface features–surface rock–reservoir rock–entrapment–satellite images–gravity meters–magnetometers–hydrocarbon sniffers sometimes called electronic noses–seismometers [most common technique used]shock waves developedreflections interpreted•Oil exploration methods are still only about 10 percent successful in producing useful wellhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling2.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling1.htm9iClicker Question•What is the name of a scientist who explores for oil?–A oil scientist–B exploration geophysicist–C petroleum physicist–D All of the above–E Only A and B above10Once a Site is Selected•The area is surveyed to determine its boundaries.•Environmental studies are said to be done.•The land is cleared and then access roads are built.•Water is drilled if there are no natural sources available.•A reserve pit is dug to dispose of rock cuttings and mud. It is lined with plastic to “protect” the environment only if the area is considered to be “ecologically sensitive.”•Several holes are dug to make way for the rig and main hole•A rectangular pit (cellar) is dug around the location of the drilling hole. (This provides a workspace)•The crew drills a main hole •Additional holes are dug to the side to store equipmentGetting the land ready: Making way for the rig:11iClicker Question•Which of the following instruments is (are) used to help discover oil?–A seismometers–B magnetometers–C electronic noses–D All of the above (A,B and C)–E Only A and B above12Setting Up the RigOnce the land is ready, several holes are dug to make way for the rig and main hole. A rectangular pit, called a cellar, is dug around the location of the actual drilling hole. The cellar provides a workspace around the hole. The crew then drills a main hole. The following diagram shows how a rig is set.http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling2.htm13Drilling•Place drill bit, collar and drill pipe in the hole•Attach the Kelly (six-sided pipe that transfers rotary motion to the turntable and drill string) and turntable•Begin drilling•As drilling progresses, circulate mud through the pipe and out of the bit to float the rock cutting out of the hole•Add new sections (joints) of drill pipes as the hole gets deeper.•Remove the drill pipe, collar and bit when the pre-set depth is reached–anywhere from a few hundred to a couple thousand feetPhoto courtesy Institute of Petroleumhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling1.htmDirections on drilling14Confirming the Presence of OilAfter the pre-wet depth is reached, the workers run and cement the casing –pipe sections into the hole to prevent it from collapsing. Drilling continues in stages. When the rock cuttings from the mud reveal the oil sand from the reservoir rock, they may have reached the final depth. At this point, they remove the drilling apparatus from the hole and perform several tests to confirm the presence of oil. These tests are Well logging, Drill-stem testing, and Core samples. Photo courtesy Phillips