Energy and the EnvironmentConcepts For Understanding EnergyWork is Force times distanceQuestion for ThoughtPower - Work per unit timeSlide 6Kinetic EnergySlide 8Potential EnergySlide 10Mass as EnergyHistory of Energy UseFossil FuelsIndustrial Revolution - 1875Industrial RevolutioniClicker QuestionChanges in Energy Sources to 2000Slide 18Role of The AutomobileGrowth in the Use of Natural GasHow is Energy Used?US use of oil to 2002Slide 23How does the US compare to others in overall energy use through 2002?Gasoline Taxes and Fuel CostSlide 26The Importance of OPECOverview of Energy Production/ConsumptionSlide 29Energy Flow from Source to Use (USA 2008)TYPES OF ENERGY and their TransformationiClicker Time!Slide 33To generate electricity…Energy Resources can be divided into 2 categories:Non-Renewable Resources: COALNon-Renewable Resources: OILNon-Renewable Resources: NATURAL GASNon-Renewable Resources: NUCLEARWhy is the term, FOSSIL FUEL used for coal, oil, gas and lignite? A Because they all contain fossils. B Because they were once food sources for things that are now fossils. C Because they are derived from living matter of a previous geological age. D Because of their energy per unit of mass. E Because Prof. Geller said so.Renewable Resources: WINDRenewable Resources: SOLARRenewable Resources: BIO-ENERGYRenewable Resources: HYDRORenewable Resources: GEOTHERMALRenewable Resources: WATER & TIDALEnergy TransferOil Exploration and ExtractionSlide 49Slide 50Slide 51Setting Up the RigCrude oil to RefineriesEnvironmental DisastersSlide 55Slide 56World Oil ConsumptionSlide 58Overview of Natural GasU.S. Reserve Base – Trends Before and After Shale Gas ProductionU.S. Natural Gas ProductionOffshore Gulf of Mexico in Steep DeclineFrac’d (Fracturing) WellsConventional Well vs. Shale Gas Well Production CurvesSlide 65Today’s Relative Share of Energy Market by FuelU.S. Energy Demand by FuelNatural Gas Use by Sector in 2008Today’s Relative Share of Electricity Generation by FuelNatural Gas Supply thru 2030History: U.S. Natural Gas – Production & ConsumptionSupply vs. Demand thru 2015Natural Gas is CleanerNatural Gas is a Low Carbon FuelEconomics of fuelsDistribution of natural gasHow much do we have left?Recollecting ChemistryCoalCoal types and compositionUse of CoalEstimated Worldwide Coal ReservesU.S. Coal Production HistoryWhen will coal run out?Shale OilTar Sands1Energy and the EnvironmentHNRS 228 – An OverviewSpring 2011Prof. Geller2Concepts For Understanding EnergyWorkPotential EnergyKinetic EnergyConservation of EnergyTypes/Sources of Energy3Work is Force times distanceDefinition of work“work is equal to the force that is exerted times the distance over which it is exerted”work in Joules =force in Newtons * distance in metersW = f * d4Question for ThoughtA spring clamp exerts a force on a stack of papers it is holding together. Is the spring clamp doing work on the papers?A YesB NoIf the spring clamp does not cause the paper to move, it is not acting through a distance and no work is done.5Power - Work per unit timePower defined“power is the amount of work done divided by the time it takes to do that work”power in Watts = work in Joules / time in secondsP = W / t6Question for ThoughtA kWhr isA a unit of workB a unit of energyC a unit of powerD More than one of the above is true.A kWhr is a unit of work, and since energy is the ability to do work, it is also a unit of energy. In terms of units, a watt is a joule per second, and an hour, as a second, is a unit of time. The time units cancel, leaving a unit of a joule, which can be used to measure either work or energy.7Kinetic EnergyDefinition“Kinetic energy equals the mass of the moving object times the square of that object’s speed, times the constant 1/2.”kinetic energy in Joules = 0.5 * mass in kilograms * speed in meters per second * speed in meters per secondK.E. = 0.5 * m * v28Question for ThoughtDoes a person standing motionless in the aisle of a moving bus have kinetic energy?A YesB NoRelative to the bus, the person has no kinetic energy because the person is at rest relative to the bus. Relative to the ground, however, the person does have kinetic energy because the person is moving with the same speed as the bus.9Potential EnergyDefinition“gravitational potential energy of any object equals its weight times its height above the ground”gravitational potential energy in Joules = mass in kilograms * acceleration due to gravity * height in metersP.E. = m * g * h10Question for ThoughtWhat happens to the kinetic energy of a falling book when the book hits the floor?A The kinetic energy is destroyed.B The kinetic energy is converted to heat only.C The kinetic energy is converted to heat and sound.11Mass as EnergyDefinition“every object at rest contains potential energy equivalent to the product of its mass times the speed of light squared”energy in joules = mass in kilograms * speed of light in meters per second * speed of light in meters per secondE = m * c212History of Energy UseEarly civilizations used human muscle power as their primary energy source.Energy provided by burning wood enabled people to cook food, heat living areas, and develop primitive metallurgy.Dense, rapidly growing settlements outstripped wood production, thus new fuel sources had to be utilized.•1890, coal replaced wood - primary energy source13Fossil Fuels Carboniferous period, (286-362 Mya)large deposits of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Led to the formation of fossil fuel deposits.14Industrial Revolution - 1875Industrial Revolution - Machines replaced human and animal labor in the manufacture and transportation of goods.Steam engines converting heat energy into forward motion was central to this transformation.Countries or regions without large coal deposits were consequently left behind.15Industrial RevolutionPrior to the Industrial Revolution, goods were manufactured on a small scale in private homes – master craftsmanExpanding factories = larger labor pools, move to city•200 years, energy consumption increased 8X–Increased levels of air pollution.16iClicker QuestionFossil fuels are derived from biological material producedA at the time of the industrial revolutionB about 300 million years agoC about 1 million years agoD