8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 11 MAR 110 Lecture #27 Natural Hazards and the Oceans Section #2 REVIEW MAR 110 MAR 110 Natural Hazards & the OceanNatural Hazards & the OceanExamination #2 FormatExamination #2 FormatFriday November 16, 2007Friday November 16, 2007SciSci& Eng Bldg Room 228& Eng Bldg Room 228PART 1 PART 1 --Term/Definition MatchingTerm/Definition Matching(~ 30 points) (~ 30 points) PART 2 PART 2 ––Multiple Choice Multiple Choice (~ 50 points) (~ 50 points) PART 3 PART 3 ––Short Answers Short Answers (~20 points(~20 points)) TOTAL TOTAL SolarSolarEnergyEnergyININThe Earth’s Overall Heat BudgetThe Earth’s Overall Heat BudgetTOTALTOTALInfrared Infrared EnergyEnergyOUTOUT==8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 22UNBALANCED HEAT BUDGET!UNBALANCED HEAT BUDGET! An Atmosphere/Ocean An Atmosphere/Ocean Partnership Partnership MovesMovesTropical Heat SurplusTropical Heat Surplusto regions of to regions of Polar Heat DeficitPolar Heat Deficit8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 33THERMOHALINE THERMOHALINE CIRCULATIONCIRCULATIONThe Deep Ocean Overturning ModeThe Deep Ocean Overturning Mode A TwoA Two--Layered Atlantic OceanLayered Atlantic Ocean8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 44Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC)Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC)PolarPolarSubtropicalSubtropicalSinking ZoneSinking Zone TheTheWindWind--DrivenDrivenOcean Gyre Ocean Gyre ModeMode8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 55North AtlanticNorth AtlanticSubtropical Ocean Subtropical Ocean BasinBasinSubtropical Subtropical WindsWindsNortheastNortheastwardwardSouthwestSouthwestwardward NHNHSubtropicalSubtropicalOcean BasinOcean BasinZonal Winds Zonal Winds & & Ekman TransportEkman TransportGeostrophicGeostrophicOceanOceanFlowFlow8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 66GEOSTROPHIC FLOWGEOSTROPHIC FLOWLowLowPressurePressurePressure PGF Pressure PGF Gradient Gradient ForceForceCF CoriolisCF CoriolisForceForcePGFPGF= = CFCFGEOSTROPHIC FLOW GEOSTROPHIC FLOW --Force BalanceForce BalanceHighHighPressurePressure The Gulf StreamThe Gulf StreamA Western A Western Boundary Current Boundary Current8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 77Global WindsGlobal WindsOcean Ocean CurrentsCurrentsClimateClimateTradeTrade Gulf Stream & the Gulf Stream & the Deep Western Boundary CurrentDeep Western Boundary Currentoff of Cape Hatterasoff of Cape HatterasThe DWBCThe DWBC“hugs the “hugs the continental continental slope all the slope all the way to the tip way to the tip of South of South America” America”8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 88The GenerationThe Generationof a of a Coastal Winter Coastal Winter StormStorm“The Blizzard of “The Blizzard of 1978”1978” HAZARD HAZARD --Subtropical Ocean Storm Subtropical Ocean Storm Winter Nor’eastersWinter Nor’eastersÆÆBLIZZARD of 1978BLIZZARD of 19788 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 99Hurricane & Typhoon DistributionHurricane & Typhoon Distribution HAZARDHAZARD––Tropical Ocean StormTropical Ocean StormHurricane of 1938Hurricane of 19388 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 1010Polar Front & the Polar Front & the Pressure Gradient ForcePressure Gradient Force HURRICANE STRUCTUREHURRICANE STRUCTURE8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 1111Storm SurgeStorm SurgeLow Low PressurePressureooXX20 ft20 ft HAZARDHAZARD--Storm SurgeStorm Surge““Raises the Platform” Enabling Coastal Wave DestructionRaises the Platform” Enabling Coastal Wave Destruction8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 1212STORMSTORM--GENERATED WAVESGENERATED WAVES Progressive WavesProgressive WavesWave Energy Alternates Forms Wave Energy Alternates Forms --as it “progresses”as it “progresses”..between ..between Potential Energy (PE) Potential Energy (PE) and and Kinetic Energy (KE)Kinetic Energy (KE)PEPEKEKEKEKEPEPEPEPE8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 1313Wave Principles ReviewWave Principles ReviewDeep Deep WaterWavesWaterWavesSpeed Depends on Speed Depends on WavelengthWavelength--LLCCp p (ft/s) =(ft/s) =2.26 2.26 √√LL(ft)(ft)Cg Cg ==½ Cp ½ Cp Shallow Shallow WaterWavesWaterWavesSpeed Depends on Speed Depends on Water DepthWater Depth--DDCg Cg ==Cp Cp ==√ √ gDgD= 5.67 √ D= 5.67 √ DCg Cg ==CpCp Wave Principles ReviewWave Principles Review8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 1414The Chaos of Open Ocean WavesThe Chaos of Open Ocean WavesThe Superposition of WavesThe Superposition of Waves….with many different characteristics…..….with many different characteristics…..….generated in far….generated in far--away places…. away places…. HAZARD HAZARD ––Open Ocean WavesOpen Ocean Waves“Rogue” Waves“Rogue” Waves60 ft60 ft112 ft !112 ft !8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 1515 Deep Water Wave Propagation Deep Water Wave Propagation ––Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean --SummerSummerSTORM WAVESTORM WAVEGENERATIONGENERATIONZONEZONE“Waves of ALL“Waves of ALLWavelengths”Wavelengths”WAVEWAVEPROPAGATIONPROPAGATIONZONEZONE“Longer Waves “Longer Waves OutraceOutraceShorter Waves ”Shorter Waves ” The Shoaling of Shallow Water WavesThe Shoaling of Shallow Water WavesThe water is moving shoreward in the The water is moving shoreward in the surf zonesurf zonesurf zonesurf zoneWave Wave CurrentsCurrentsErodeErodeSandSand8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 1616HAZARDHAZARD––WaveWave--Induced Rip CurrentsInduced Rip Currents HAZARD HAZARD ––Coastal Ocean Storm WavesCoastal Ocean Storm WavesExtreme Coastal Erosion & DamageExtreme Coastal Erosion & Damage8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 1717Wave RefractionWave RefractionEnergy ConcentrationEnergy Concentration& & ErosionErosion BEACH PROFILE SEASONAL EVOLUTIONBEACH PROFILE SEASONAL EVOLUTION8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 1818Surf Zone Turbulence Surf Zone Turbulence SuspendsSuspendssand grainssand grainsWater moves sand grainsWater moves sand grainsLongshore “Drift”Longshore “Drift”& Sand Transport& Sand Transport Standing Waves & SeichingStanding Waves & Seichingll8 November 2007 Lecture27 Review Section #2 1919Real Ocean TidesReal Ocean Tides––Rotary Standing WavesRotary Standing Waves HAZARD HAZARD ––Extreme TidesExtreme TidesRaises the Sea Level Platform Raises