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UMass Dartmouth MAR 110 - Hurricane Dynamics

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2 November 2007 mar110_L24_HurDyn_2nov2007.docamics 1MAR110 LECTURE #24 Hurricane Dynamics A A REVIEWREVIEWLowLowPressurePressurePressure PGF Pressure PGF Gradient Gradient ForceForceCF CoriolisCF CoriolisForceForcePGFPGF= = CFCFHighHighPressurePressureGeostrophic Geostrophic FlowFlowForce Balance Force Balance Figure 24.2 Geostrophic Flow – A REVIEW With geostrophic flow (red), the pressure gradient force (blue) and Coriolis force (aqua) are perpendicular to the flow and in balance. Figure 24.1 Hurricane and Typhoon Distribution The locations of historical hurricanes/typhoons (red dots) and the tropical regions where they are formed and found most frequently. (ItO)2 November 2007 mar110_L24_HurDyn_2nov2007.docamics 2 The Atmospheric Analogy The Atmospheric Analogy --THE JET STREAMTHE JET STREAMPGFPGFGEOSTROPHIC WINDS GEOSTROPHIC WINDS (into the page (into the page --xx) ) Pressure Gradient ForcePressure Gradient Force(PGF) (PGF) balances balances CoriolisCoriolisForce (CF)Force (CF)CFCFXXFigure 24.4 Geostrophic Atmospheric Winds With geostrophic Jet Stream (red), the temperature contrasts induce the pressure gradient force (blue) which balances the Coriolis force (aqua).Atlantic Ocean Basin Gyre CirculationAtlantic Ocean Basin Gyre CirculationCFCFPGF PGF Figure 24.3 Geostrophic Ocean Flow With geostrophic Gulf Stream (red), the sea surface slope induces the pressure gradient force (blue) which balances the Coriolis force (aqua).2 November 2007 mar110_L24_HurDyn_2nov2007.docamics 3 WarmerWarmerWarmWarmCoolerCoolerCoolerCooler Figure 24.6 Temperature Structure of a Typical Hurricane Warm moist air heated by the ocean rises through the center of the hurricane through convection and spreads out once it reaches a certain elevation where it cools and the moisture in the air condenses and becomes rain. (??, NH) Figure 24.5 Cloud Structure of a Typical Hurricane and Earth Rotation (a) Warm (pink), wet air spirals inwards over the warm ocean towards the eye of the hurricane, where it begins spirals upward around the outside of the eye - called the “eyewall”. (b) Because the rising air cools, it becomes increasingly more humid (that is the air becomes saturated with water vapor - a gas). (c) At 100% humidity the water vapor condenses to form water droplets (liquid) that make up the clouds and rain. (c) At the top of the troposphere the very cool (blue), dry air spirals outward and begins to descend toward the sea surface. (d)This cool, dry air descends in the eye and the various spiral bands, warming and becoming even less humid (i.e. dryer) as it encounters the higher pressures at lower levels. (e) Upon reaching the sea surface this very warm and dry air able to absorb both heat and moisture from the ocean – re-energizing it so that it can feed the heat engine (i.e., power) of the hurricane. (??)2 November 2007 mar110_L24_HurDyn_2nov2007.docamics 4 RAINEX HURRICANE MEASUREMENTSRAINEX HURRICANE MEASUREMENTSKATRINA August 2005KATRINA August 2005RITA September 2005RITA September 2005Figure 24.8 Hurricane Trajectories Hurricane Cloud & Geostrophic Wind StructureHurricane Cloud & Geostrophic Wind Structure--A Bird’s Eye View A Bird’s Eye View --Hurricane WindsHurricane WindsPGFPGFCFCFFigure 24.7 Hurricane Wind Dynamics2 November 2007 mar110_L24_HurDyn_2nov2007.docamics 5 HURRICANE DAMAGE & SAFFIR SIMPSON SCALEHURRICANE DAMAGE & SAFFIR SIMPSON SCALEFigure 24.10 Hurricane Wind Damage – Saffir Simpson Scale Hurricanes are categorized according to wind ranges. The cartoons shown typical structure damage to structures for each of the categories. (??) 50 km/hr50 km/hr250 km/hr250 km/hr150 km/hr150 km/hr200 km/hr200 km/hr Figure 24.9 Hurricane Wind Structure In the northern hemisphere the highest winds are on the right hand side of the leading edge of the hurricane (here the upper right quadrant). The speed of the hurricane itself is added to the speed of the wind around the storm when they are both going in the same direction while it is subtracted when going in opposite directions as on the left side of2 November 2007 mar110_L24_HurDyn_2nov2007.docamics 6 Figure 24.11 Hurricane Measurements The “Hurricane Hunter” trajectories are indicated in the schematics of the spiral-banded hurricanes.2 November 2007 mar110_L24_HurDyn_2nov2007.docamics 7 Figure 24.13 Hurricane Rita (2005) Wind Structure HURRICANE Rita WIND MEASUREMENTSHURRICANE Rita WIND MEASUREMENTSFigure 24.12 Hurricane Rita (2005) Evolution (ABOVE) A time series composite of wind speed and air pressure measurements are compared to an inverted version of the trajectory . Note the color-coded Saffir Simpson scale categories.2 November 2007 mar110_L24_HurDyn_2nov2007.docamics 8 Figure 24.15 Hurricane Damage Rita RAIN MEASUREMENTSRita RAIN MEASUREMENTSModel Rain ForecastModel Rain ForecastFigure 24.14 Hurricane Rita (2005)


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