Universal Product CodingObjectivesFirst off…Humble beginningsTech SpecPhysical SpecsCheck DigitExampleWhy it worksZero CompressionFour RulesMaking it smallerSlide 13Easy to expandSo whatTo the futureConclusionWhat is that background?QuestionsSourcesUniversal Product CodingOmar HemmaliMonday, January 14, 2019Objectives•Define Universal Product Coding•Define and talk about the history of barcoding•Talk about the technical specifications of UPCs•Talk about UPC error checking codes•Talk about UPC-A to UPC-E compression and expansion•Talk about the relation with Product Coding and Computer Science•Briefly talk about the future of Product CodingFirst off…•Universal Product Code = UPC•UPC is a GTIN•GTINs are developed by GS1•GS1 is the leading global organization to improve commerce efficiencyHumble beginnings•Series of black and white bars•Patent US# 2,612,994•Held by Norman Woodland and Bernard Silver•Faster checkoutsTech Spec•Light and Dark bars to form “Bar Sections”•Left side code is below•Right side code is invertedDigit Pattern Digit Pattern0 0001101 5 01100011 0011001 6 01011112 0010011 7 01110113 0111101 8 01101114 0100011 9 0001011MFG code Item CodePrefix Check digitPhysical Specs1.020” High1.469” Wide0.065” Extended0.25” Quiet0.25” QuietCheck Digit•Error checking code.•Sum of odd positions times 3•Sum of even positions•Mod by 10•(num == 0)? 0: 10-num;Example•Odds: (0 + 6 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 5) * 3 = 42•Evens: 3 + 0 + 0 + 9 + 4 = 16•Add together then mod by 10•58 % 10 = 8•Not 0, so 0 – 8 = 2Why it works•In order to get correct check digit with incorrect code the sum must be off by 10•Odd’s sum off by 9 and Even’s sum off by 1•Odd’s sum off by 6 and Even’s sum off by 4•Odd’s sum off by 3 and Even’s sum off by 7•Odd’s sum is correct but Even’s sum off by 10Zero Compression•Useful when limited space•Often seen on Gum Packs and Soda Cans•Has two prerequisites•Must start with 0•Has 4 consecutive 0’sFour RulesLast digit UPC-A equivalent isUPC-E equivalent is0 0XX000-00NNN + check XXNNN01 0XX100-00NNN + check XXNNN12 0XX200-00NNN + check XXNNN23 0XXX00-000NN + check XXXNN34 0XXXX0-0000N + check XXXXN45 0XXXXX-00005 + check XXXXX56 0XXXXX-00006 + check XXXXX67 0XXXXX-00007 + check XXXXX78 0XXXXX-00008 + check XXXXX89 0XXXXX-00009 + check XXXXX9Rule 1Rule 2Rule 3Rule 4Making it smallerCheck digitParity pattern0 EEEOOO1 EEOEOO2 EEOOEO3 EEOOOE4 EOEEOO5 EOOEEO6 EOOOEE7 EOEOEO8 EOEOOE9 EOOEOEEncoded digitOdd parity patternEven parity pattern0 0001101 01001111 0011001 01100112 0010011 00110113 0111101 01000014 0100011 00111015 0110001 01110016 0101111 00001017 0111011 00100018 0110111 00010019 0001011 0010111Example•Compress 012500000398•Falls under rule 2.•Take first three digits of Mfg code •Append last two digits of item code•Append 3•125343•So full UPC-E number would be 0-125343-8Easy to expand•5 – Pack Juicy fruit•02217303•Get six digits 221730•Falls under rule 1•Expand to 0-2200000173-3•Check digit is correctSo what•Ingenious data structure•Compression/Expansion algorithm•Error checking code•Database lookup•Centralized maintenanceTo the future•Five Mfg digits and five item digits•Limited•Use RFIDs•Limitless possibilities•Not reliable enough thoughConclusion•UPCs are data structures•UPCs are maintained by GS1•Very detailed specs about UPCs•UPCs have built in error checking•Some UPCs can be compressed•New technologies that may make UPCs obsolete.What is that background?•It is actually Agent 47’s Barcode from the Hitman series.•Translates to 640509040147Questions•Expand the 6 digit UPC code of a 12oz Mountain Dew soda can and find its check digit.•The 6 digit code is 120850Sources•Wikipedia for images•Google Images for Hitman
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