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UCF COT 4810 - Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor NetworksPAOLO SANTIIstituto di Informatica e TelematicaTopology Control (TC) is one of the most important techniques used in wireless ad hocand sensor networks to reduce energy consumption (which is essential to extend thenetwork operational time) and radio interference (with a positive effect on the networktraffic carrying capacity). The goal of this technique is to control the topology of thegraph representing the communication links between network nodes with the purposeof maintaining some global graph property (e.g., connectivity), while reducing energyconsumption and/or interference that are strictly related to the nodes’ transmittingrange. In this article, we state several problems related to topology control in wirelessad hoc and sensor networks, and we survey state-of-the-art solutions which have beenproposed to tackle them. We also outline several directions for further research whichwe hope will motivate researchers to undertake additional studies in this field.Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.1 [Computer-Communication Networks]:Network Architecture and Design—Wireless communicationGeneral Terms: Algorithms, DesignAdditional Key Words and Phrases: Connectivity, energy consumption, topology control,sensor networks, wireless ad hoc networks1. INTRODUCTIONThe recent emergence of affordable,portable, wireless communication andcomputation devices and concomitant ad-vances in the communication infrastruc-ture have resulted in the rapid growth ofmobile wireless networks. On one hand,this has led to the exponential growthof cellular networks which are based onthe combination of wired and wirelesstechnologies. On the other hand, this hasrenewed the interest of the scientificand industrial community in the morechallenging scenario in which a groupof mobile units equipped with radioAuthor’s address: Istituto di Informatica e Telematica del CNR, Area della Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124Pisa, Italy; email: [email protected] to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is grantedwithout fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or direct commercial advantage andthat copies show this notice on the first page or initial screen of a display along with the full citation.Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting withcredit is permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, to redistribute to lists, or to use anycomponent of this work in other works requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Permissions may berequested from Publications Dept., ACM, Inc., 1515 Broadway, New York, NY 10036 USA, fax: +1 (212)869-0481, or [email protected]2005 ACM 0360-0300/05/0600-0164 $5.00transceivers communicate without the as-sistance of any fixed infrastructure.Networks composed of mobile, unteth-ered units communicating with each othervia radio transceivers, typically alongmultihop paths, have been called ad hocnetworks in the literature.1Ad hoc net-works can be used wherever a wired back-bone is infeasible and/or economically inconvenient, for example, to provide com-munications during emergencies, special1Sometimes, ad hoc networks are called packet radionetworks which is the name used in the early papersin the field.ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 37, No. 2, June 2005, pp. 164–194.Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 165Fig. 1. Example of a wireless sensor network.events (expos, concerts, etc.), or in hostileenvironments.Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) area special class of ad hoc networks. Ina WSN, the interconnected units arebattery-operated microsensors, each ofwhich is integrated in a single packagewith low-power signal processing, compu-tation, and a wireless transceiver. Sensornodes collect the data of interest (e.g.,temperature, pressure, soil makeup, etc.),and transmit them, possibly compressedand/or aggregated with those of neigh-boring nodes, to the other nodes. In thisway, every node in the network acquiresa global view of the monitored area thatcan be accessed by the external user con-nected to the WSN through one or moregateway nodes (see Figure 1). Potentialapplications of sensor networks abound;they can be used to monitor remote and/orhostile geographical regions, to trace ani-mals movement, to improve weather fore-cast, and so on. Examples of scenarioswhere WSN can be used are described inEstrin et al. [1999], Heinzelman et al.[1999], Khan et al. [2000], Mainwaringet al. [2002], Pottie and Kaiser [2000],Sadler et al. [2004], Schwiebert et al.[2001], Srivastava et al. [2001], Steereet al. [2000], and Szewczyk et al. [2004].The following aspects that have to becarefully taken into account in the de-sign stage are peculiar to wireless ad hocnetworks.— Energy conservation. Contrary to thecase of wired networks, units in ad hocnetworks are typically equipped withlimited energy supplies. Hence, one ofthe primary goals of the design is touse this limited energy as efficientlyas possible. Energy efficiency is espe-cially important in WSNs where re-placing/refilling sensor batteries is, ingeneral, infeasible. If energy conserva-tion techniques are used at differentlevels of the wireless architecture, thefunctional lifetime of both individualunits and the network can be extendedconsiderably.— Limited bandwidth. Typically wire-less multihop networks are character-ized by a limited bandwidth availableACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 37, No. 2, June 2005.166 P. Santito the nodes. Although the theoreti-cal bandwidth in industrial standardssuch as IEEE 802.11 can be as highas 54Mb/sec [IEEE 1999], the situa-tion is far worse in practical situationsmainly because of the radio interfer-ence caused by simultaneous commu-nications. Thus, a major problem in thedesign of ad hoc networks is to keep thenetwork traffic carrying capacity at areasonable level even in the presenceof dense node deployments.— Unstructured and time-varying net-work topology. Nodes in the networkmay, in principle, be arbitrarily placedin the deployment region; hence, thegraph representing the communicationlinks between the nodes is usually un-structured. Furthermore, due to nodemobility and/or failure, the networktopology may vary with time. As a con-sequence, determining the appropri-ate value of fundamental network pa-rameters (e.g., the critical transmittingrange for connectivity, see


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